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Vw;bfdnt epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jjy; mYtyuhy; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;L. efu nghf;Ftuj;J //6// jpl;lj;jpw;fhf (bjhlh;tz;o) khbgUk; nghf;Ftuj;J jpl;lj;jpw;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lbjd;Wk; bjhptpf;FkhW gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;nsd;/ 4/ j';fs; ntz;Lnfhis kPz;Lk; ghprPypf;FkhW ghh;it K:d;wpy; fz;l tHf;Fiu"h; mwptpg;iga[k; kw;Wk; ghh;it ehd;fpy; fz;l j';fSila kDf;fisa[k; murpw;F mDg;gp cs;sPh;fs;/ vdnt. j';fspd; ntz;LnfhshdJ. murpdhy; ghh;it 5?,y; fz;l cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;jut[fspd; mog;gilapy; kPz;Lk; xUKiw Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl;lJ/ khz;g[kpF cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ. 04/03/2005?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l kw;Wk; 18/03/2005?Mk; ehsplg;gl;L khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l nkw;go cj;jut[fspd; K:yk; @tPl;L thhpaj;jpw;F khwhf murhdJ chpa cj;jut[fis gpwg;gpf;fntz;Lk;@ vd cj;jutpl;Ls;sJ/ vdnt. bkhj;j gpur;rpidfSk; murpdhy; kPz;Lk; g[jpjhf Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl;lJ/ 5/ xUKiwf;Fnky; gy re;jh;g;g';fspy; murpdhy; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;ghf Vw;bfdnt rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJnghd;W epykhdJ. jkpH;ehL tPl;L thhpa-brd;id bgUefu tsh;r;rp jpl;l';fSf;fhf ifafg;gLj;jg;glhky;.,e;jpa murpd; 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(i) muR brayh;. bgUefu tPl;Lkid nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw.

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(ii) jkpH;ehL tPl;L thhpaj;jpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; epyj;jpw;fhd bjhifiar; brYj;j kDjhuh;fs; flikg;gl;ltuhth;/ 9/ nkw;go gzpj;jy;fSld; ePjpg;nguhiz kDf;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ bryt[j;bjhiffs;,y;iy/ bjhlh;g[ila gy;tif kDf;fs; Kof;fg;bgWfpd;wd/ (typa[Wj;jy;fs;) 5/,k;nky;KiwaPLfspd; K:yk; khepy murhdJ. nkw;Twpa jPh;g;g[iuia vjph;j;Js;sJ/ nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; Tw;wpd;go tpdhtpw;fplkhd epy';fs; Kiwahd eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l gpd;dnu. rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;L. mDgtkhdJ vLf;fg;gl;L. gpd;dh;. kh/tp/ngh/jp/ (bjhlh;tz;o) chpa mjpfhhpaplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ/ ntW brhw;fspy; TWtjhdhy;. epykhdJ. jkpH;ehL tPl;L thhpaj;jpw;fhf ifafg;gLj;jg;? gltpy;iy/ murpdhy; thjplg;gl;ljhtJ, @vjph;g;gpw;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iuapd; K:yk;. //11// cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; gzpf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzk; ork;gh; 12. 2003?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l cj;jutpw;fpz';f rk;ke;jg;gl;l nky;KiwaPLfspd; jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;F khw;W tPl;Lkid xJf;f. khepy muR flikg;gl;oUg;gjhd. jtwhd mDkhdj;jpd; mog;gilapyhdjhFk;/ vjph;g;gpw;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iuapy; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; gzpf;fg;gl;lJ/ ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epy';fSf;F gjpyhf. khw;W tPl;Lkid tH';FtJ rl;lj;jpw;fg;ghw;gl;L rYifaspg;gJ/ 1894?Mk; Mz;ila rl;lj;jpnyh my;yJ (bjhlh;tz;o) kh/tp/ngh/jp/ bjhlh;ghf.,e;jpa bjhlh;tz;o Jiwapdhy; braw;gLj;jg;glt[s;s eilKiwapYs;s ahbjhU bfhs;ifapYk;,y;yhj. khepy murpd; flikahFk;/ mj;jifa N:H;epiyapy;. khw;W tPl;Lkid bgw. jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;F ve;jtpj rl;l chpika[kpy;iy vd;Dk; jd;Dila Kd;bkhHpjYf;F tYt{l;l nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;.,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iufis rhh;e;Jepd;whh;/ cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ. vjph;g;gpw;Fs;shd jd;Dila jPh;g;gpy; Rl;oa jPh;g;g[iufs; jw;bghGija tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfSf;F bghUe;Jtjy;y vd;Wk; mtw;iw ntWgLj;jpdhh;/ 6/ kWg[wj;jpy;. vjph;g;gpw;Fs;shd jd;Dila jPh;g;g[iuapy;. cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; btspg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUj;ij Mjhpj;J. 2003?Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; jp';fs; 12?Mk; ehsplg;gl;l cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;juitaLj;J khepy murpw;fhd flikiar; rhh;e;nj. mt;thW gzpf;fg;gl;lJ vd jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; thjpl;ldh;/ nkYk;. vjph;g;gpw;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iuapy;. cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jPh;g;g[iufspd; mog;gilapy;. nkw;Twg;gl;l jpl;lj;ij Kd;dpl;L.,lk;bgau itf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;fhd rpwg;g[ gphptpd; fPH; mth;fSf;F tPl;Lkid xJf;Ftjhd ghpfhuj;ij kWg;gJ. khepy murhd nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tpUg;gij rhh;e;jjy;y vd;Wk; thjplg;gl;lJ/,k;nky;KiwaPLfspd; epYitapd;bghGJ jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fis fle;j fhyj;jpy; bghJ nehf;fpw;fhf epyk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;L. mjdhy; ghjpg;gile;j,lk;bgau itf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F khepy murhdJ. jd;Dila tpUg;gr;rhh;g[ mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tPl;Lkid xJf;fPL bra;Js;sJ //12// vd;gij Mtzkhf;f jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; TLjy; rj;jpat[iuia jhf;fy; bra;jdh;/ jw;bghGija bghUz;ik N:H;epiyapy; FWf;fPnlJk; nfhug;gltpy;iy vd;Wk;. vdnt. nky;KiwaPLfs; js;Sgo bra;ag;glntz;Lk; vd;Wk; jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; thjpl;ldh;/ 7/ eh';fs; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;fhd fw;wwpe;j K:j;j tHf;Fiu"h; jpU/ fphp kw;Wk; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j K:j;j tHf;Fiu"h; jpU/ V/ kiuah;g[jk; Mfpnahhpd; thj';fisf; nfl;nlhk;/ 8/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; kpf Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk; mjpfgl;r fhuzk; ahbjdpy;. 2003?Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; jp';fs; 12?Mk; ehsplg;gl;l cj;jutpd; K:yk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; gzpf;fg;gl;lnj,Wjpahdbjd;gjhFk;/ mt;t[j;juthdJ. khepy murpdhnyh my;yJ khepy murpd; mjpfhhp vtuhYk; vjph;f;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Iaj;jpw;fg;ghw;gl;ljhFk;/ vdpDk;. cj;jutpd; nehf;fhdJ jkpH;ehL tPl;L thhpaj;jpdhy; nkk;gLj;jg;gLk; VnjDk; xU jpl;lj;jpd; fPH;.,lk;bgau itf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;fhd rpwg;g[g; gphptpd; fPH;. khw;W tPl;Lkid xJf;fPL bra;a jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshy; mspf;fg;gLk; gpujpepjpj;Jt';fis ghprPypf;fntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jtpu ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy/,t;thwhf. gzpj;jyhdJ 1894?Mk; Mz;ila rl;lg;gphpt[fspd; fPH; ghprPyidf;Fs;s jpl;lk; bjhlh;ghf murpw;F bfhs;ifnaJkpy;yhj epiyapy; khw;W tPl;Lkid xJf;FkhW mjpfhu njhuizapy; gzpf;fg;gl;ljy;y/,Jnt. vjph;g;gpw;Fs;shd jPh;g;gpd; K:yk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; Kjy;Kiwahf mspf;fg;gl;l FiwghlhFk;/ 9/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; nkny Fwpg;gplg;gl;l,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iufisg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. mit jw;bghGija tHf;fpd; bghUz;ik kw;Wk; N:H;epiyf;F bghUe;jtpy;iy vd;Dk; nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; thjj;Jld; eh';fs; cld;glntz;Lk;/ Vbddpy;. cj;jug; gpunjr khepy muR ?vjph;? gp!;jh njtp kw;Wk; gyh;. (1986) 4 v!;/rp/rp/ 251 vd;w tHf;fpy; kPul; efu FothH; //13// kf;fSf;F FoapUg;g[ tH';Fk; nehf;fpy; tPl;Lj; jpl;l';fis nkk;gLj;Jk; bghJ nehf;fpw;fhf epyj;ij ifafg;gLj;jpa nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhpf;F cj;jut[ gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gj;jpfs; 9 kw;Wk; 10 Mfpatw;wpy; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mit fPH;f;fhQqkhW bjhptpf;fpd;wd: @9/ vdpDk;. epy';fs; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l gyUk; tPlw;w my;yJ filfsw;wtuhth;/ mth;fs; epyj;jpypUe;J btspna vwpag;gLthh;fshdhy;. mth;fs; fLk; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shth; vd vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"uhy; thjplg;gl;lJ/ epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jjy; eltof;iffshy; clikfs; gwpf;fg;gl;l kPul; kf;fSf;F FoapUg;g[ tH';Fk; bghUl;L epykhdJ ifafg;gLj;jg;gLtijaLj;J. kPul; nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhpaplk; ghpfhuk;bgw mth;fSk; mUfij? a[ilatuhth;/,f;fl;lj;jpy; 1957?mk; Mz;ila jpy;yp nkk;ghl;L rl;lg;gphpt[ 21(2)?,y; cs;sij fhz;nghk;. mJ gpd;tUkhW: @21/ (2) cl;gphpt[ 1?,d; fPH; epyj;ij vLg;gJ bjhlh;ghd mjpfhhpapd; my;yJ rk;ke;jg;gl;l cs;S:h; mjpfhhpapd; mjpfhu';fs;. eilKiwapy; rhj;jpakhd tifapy; braw;gLj;jg;glntz;Lk;/ mjhtJ. epyj;jpy; trpf;Fk; my;yJ tzpfk; nkw;bfhs;Sk; my;yJ gpw eltof;iffspy; <LgLk; egh;fs;. mjpfhhpf;Fl;gl;l my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l cs;S:h; mjpfhhpf;Fl;gl;l epyj;jpy; Foakunth my;yJ mjd; nkk;ghL my;yJ gad; bjhlh;ghf mjpfhhp my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l cs;S:h; mjpfhhpapd; njitfis epiwntw;w tpUk;gpdhnyh. mth;fsplk;,Ue;J ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epyj;jpd; jPh;t[ bra;ag;gl;l Kiwahd tpiy kjpg;gpw;F mth;fSila njitfSf;nfw;g bghUj;jkhd,ltrjpiag; bgWk; tha;g;g[ilatuhth;/ Fwpg;g[: //14// mjpfhhpnah my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l cs;S:h; mjpfhhpnah ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nkk;gLj;jg;glhj my;yJ nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l VnjDk; epyj;ij ghpth;j;jid bra;a my;yJ tpw;f Kd;bkhHpa[kplj;J. vthplkpUe;J epykhdJ ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lnjh. mth;fSf;nf Kjy; epfH;thf Kd;Dhpikaspf;fg;gLk;/ mth;fs; mjid th';f tpUk;g[thh;fshdhy;. mjd; nkk;ghL kw;Wk; gad; Mfpatw;wpw;nfw;g mjpfhhp my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l cs;S:h; mjpfhhp crpj;jnk vd vz;zp tpjpf;Fk; epge;jidf;Fl;gl;L th';fyhk;/@ 10/ nkw;go gphpthdJ. jw;bghGija ifafg;gLj;Jk; eilKiwfSf;Fg; bghUe;Jtjhf,y;iy vd;whYk;. jpy;yp nkk;ghl;L rl;lj;jpd; nkw;go gphpthdJ. eyd;jUk; bfhs;ifia bfhz;Ls;sbjd;Wk;. ehbl';fpYk;. efu';fspy; nkk;ghl;L nehf;fpw;fhf bgUkstpyhd epy';fs; nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhpfshy; ifafg;gLj;jg;gLk;bghGJ. nkw;go bfhs;ifahdJ mth;fshy; filgpof;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;Wk; eh';fs; fUJfpnwhk;/ kPul; nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhp. vtUila Mjhaj;jpw;fhf tpdhtpw;fplkhd epykhdJ ifafg;gLj;jg;? gl;Ls;snjh. epyj;jpypUe;J btspnaw;wg;gl;L. efhpy; tPod;wp my;yJ filapd;wp cs;s mth;fSf;F rhj;jpakhd tifapy; mh;j;jKs;s epge;jidfSf;Fl;gl;L. mh;j;jKs;s mstpy; tPl;Lkid kw;Wk; filkidia tH';Fthh; vd eh';fs; ek;g[fpnwhk;/@,j;jPh;g;gpd; fUj;jhdJ. efh; gFjpfspy;. epyk; nkk;ghl;L nehf;f';fSf;fhf. bgUkstpyhd epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jjy; bjhlh;ghdjhFk;/ jw;bghGija tHf;fpy; epyk; ifafg;gLj;JjyhdJ. epr;rak; efu nkk;ghl;ow;fhdnjh my;yJ ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epy';fs; mike;Js;s //15// efh; thH; Fokf;fSf;F tPL tH';Ftjw;fhfnth my;y/ nkw;Twg;gl;lthW ifafg;gLj;JjyhdJ,e;jpa murpd; bjhlh;tz;o Jiw mikr;rh; jug;gpy; kh/tp/ngh/jp?f;fhdnjad;wp khepy murpw;fhdnjh my;yJ khepy mjpfhhpf;fhdnjh my;y/,d;Dk; nkny TWtjhdhy;. xg;g[f;bfhz;lthW.,e;jpa ika murpdhy; braw;gLj;jg;gl;l nkw;Twg;gl;l bjhlh;tz;o jpl;lk; bjhlh;ghf jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F tPl;Lkid tH';FtJ bjhlh;ghf ahbjhU jpl;lKk; cUthf;fg;gl;oUf;ftpy;iy/ mj;jifa jpl;lnkJk;,y;yhjepiyapy;. jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;F,lk;bgau itf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; rpwg;g[ gphptpd; fPH; khw;W epyk; tH';FkhW. cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ. ePjpg;nguhiz rl;ltuk;ig gad;gLj;jp. khepy muira[k; kw;Wk; jkpH;ehL tPl;Lthhpaj;ija[k; gzpj;jij MH;e;jwpa Koatpy;iy/ mj;jifa gzpj;jYf;F rl;lj;jpy;,iraKoahJ/,J. epa{ butpauh Tl;Lwt[ bcwsrp'; brhirl;o kw;Wk; xUth; ?vjph;? epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jk; rpwg;g[ mYtyh; kw;Wk; gyh;. (1996) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 731 vd;w tHf;Fj; jPh;g;gpd; gj;jp 9?,d; fUj;ij Mjhukhff; bfhz;l bfhs;ifapypUe;J tYt{l;lg;gLfpwJ/ ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F khw;W epyk; tH';Fk; Kd;bkhHpjYld; khepy muR Kd;te;jpUf;Fkhdhy;. mt;tplank ntwhdjhFk;/ Mdhy;. chpikahsUf;F khw;W tPl;Lkid my;yJ mLf;F FoapUg;g[ tH';fg;glntz;Lk; vd;Dk; mf;bfhs;ifahdJ. epyk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gLk; midj;J tHf;FfSf;Fnk xU epge;jidahf ePl;of;fg;glKoahJ vd ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ/ jkf;F khw;W kid tH';fhky; epyj;ij ifafg;gLj;Jjy;.,e;jpa murpayikg;g[ rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TW 21?,y; cWjp bra;ag;gl;Ls;s thH;thjhu chpikia ghjpf;Fk; vd;Dk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fspd; thjj;ij ePjpkd;wkhdJ bjspthf epuhfhpj;jJ/ 10/ kPz;Lk;. nfus khepy muR kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;? vk;/ gh!;fud; gps;is kw;Wk; xUth;. (1997) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 432 vd;w tHf;fpy;. njrpa beL";rhiy fl;likg;gpw;fhf ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;L. gad;gLj;jg;glhJs;s epykhdJ jpUk;gj; jug;glntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epy chpikahsh;fspd; nfhhpf;ifia ePjpkd;wk; vjph;kiwahf;fpaJ/ mjw;Fkhwhf. epyk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gLk; //16// eltof;ifahdJ Kotile;J khepy murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lijaLj;J. bghJ kf;fSf;F mjpf bjhifapd; gad; fpilf;Fk;bghUl;L. ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;glhj epykhdJ bghJ Vyj;jpy; tplg;gLk; vd ePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;gspj;jJ/ jkpH;ehL tPl;Lthhpak; ?vjph;? vy;/ re;junrfud; (,we;Jtpl;lhh;) mtUila thhpRfs; kw;Wk; gyh;. (2010) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 786 vd;w ntbwhU tHf;fpy; 1894?Mk; Mz;ila epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epykhdJ ntbwhU nehf;fpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iybadpy;. mjid btspre;ij tpiyia fhl;oYk; Fiwe;j tpiyf;Fj; ju murpw;F jilia Vw;gLj;Jk; (bghJ ek;gpf;if) vd;Dk; nfhl;ghl;il ePjpkd;wk; kPz;Lk; TwpaJ/ mnj fUj;jhdJ. tp/ re;junrfud; kw;Wk; xUth; ?vjph;? eph;thf mYtyh; kw;Wk; gyh;. (2012) 12 v!;/rp/rp/ 133 vd;w tHf;fpy; btspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/ gj;jp 31?,y;,t;thwhf ePjpkd;wk; fUj;J bjhptpj;Js;sJ: @31/ nkw;go fUj;jpd; mog;gilapy;. xUKiw epykhdJ ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;L. midj;J tpy;y';f';fspypUe;Jk; tpLgl;L murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;. epykhdJ ve;nehf;fpw;fhf ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lnjh me;nehf;fj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljh my;yJ ntW nehf;fpw;F gad;gLj;jg;? gl;ljh vd;gJ epy chpikahshpd; ftiyf;Fhpajy;y vd;Dk; rl;lkhdJ bjspt[gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ xUKiw epykhdJ murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;. mjd; chpikahsh; mjw;F rk;ke;jkpy;yhjtuhfptpLthh;/ epyk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vjph;f;fg;gl;lhyd;wp mth; mjw;fhf el;laPL bgWk; chpik kl;Lnk cilatuhthh;/ brhj;jpy; eyDila egh;fSf;F mjid jpUk;gf; bfhLf;f murpw;Fk; njitahd mjpfhukpy;iy/,J bjhlh;ghf rl;lj;jpy; VJk; jpUj;jk; bfhz;Ltug;gl;lhyd;wp mtUk; mjid jpUk;gj; jUkhW ve;j mog;gilapYk; nfhuKoahJ/@ //17// 11/ vdpDk;. murhdJ khepyj;jpw;Fs;shf nkw;Twg;gl;l bjhlh;g[ila jpl;lj;jpw;fhfnt. khepy muR epyj;ij ifafg;gLj;Jk; eltof;iffis bjhl';fpapUe;jJ vd;Wk;. jw;bghGJs;s muR bfhs;ifapd;go. murhdJ chpa neuj;jpy; jd;Dila tpUg;gr;rhh;ig gad;gLj;jp jd;Dila flikia epiwntw;Wtjpdpd;W mjid tpLtpf;ff;Tlhbjd;Wk; jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky; KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; thjpl;ldh;/ mj;jifa xJf;fPLfs; bra;ag;gl;Ls;stw;iw jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; rhh;e;Js;sdh;/ mit.,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; tH';fg;gl;l mDkjpapd; mog;gilapy; 2019?Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; jp';fs; 15?Mk; ehsd;W jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l TLjy; rj;jpat[iwa[ld; Mh;/4. Mh;/5 kw;Wk; Mh;/6?Mf,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mtz';fspypUe;J rhd;whfpd;wd/ 12/ nkw;go jfty;fis eh';fs; goj;Js;nshk;/,t;tHf;Ffspy; Fiwe;j tUtha; kw;Wk; eLepiy tUtha; cs;s egh;fSf;fhd tPl;L jpl;lj;jpd; fPH; tPLfs; fl;Ltjw;fhf epyk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;ld/ mjw;F ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F tPl;Lkid tH';Ftjw;fhd jpl;lk;,Ue;jJ vd;gJk;. mj;jpl;l';fs; khepy tPl;L thhpaj;jpdhy; braw;gLj;jg;gl;ld vd;gJk; rhd;whfpd;wd/,t;t[jhuz';fs;,e;jpa murpdhy; (bjhlh;tz;o Jiw) braw;gLj;jg;gl;l kh/tp/ngh/jp/ jpl;lj;jpw;fhf epyk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;Fg; bghUe;jhJ/ 1894?Mk; Mz;ila rl;lj;jpd; fz;og;ghd epge;jidf;fpz';f mth;fSf;F chpa el;laPL tH';fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ vdnt. khepy murplkpUe;njh my;yJ mf;fhuzj;jpw;fhf jkpH;ehL tPl;Lthhpaj;jplkpUe;njh ahbjhU ghpfhuj;ija[k; mth;fs; vjph;ghh;f;fKoahJ/ 13/,t;tHf;fpd; fUj;jpd; mog;gilapy;. khepy murpd; tpUg;gr;rhh;ghf khw;W kid tH';Fk; jpl;lkhdJ. 2011?Mk; Mz;L Kjy; iftplg;gl;lJ vd;Dk; nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; thjj;ij eh';fs; tphpj;Jiuf;fj; njitapy;iy/ vdpDk;. gjpt[ KGik bgWtjw;fhf. nfhhpf;ifahdJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l neuj;jpy; elg;gpypUe;j bfhs;ifapd; mog;gilapnyna Fiwe;jgl;rk; 2006?Mk; Mz;oy; //18// cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; vjph;g;gpw;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iuapd; K:yk; gzpf;fg;gl;lbghGjpypUe;j bfhs;ifapd; mog;gilapyhtJ Kot[ bra;ag;glntz;Lk; vd;w jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fspd; thjj;ij eh';fs; Fwpg;gpl;lhfntz;Lk;/ nkny Twg;gl;lJnghd;W. tPLfs; nkk;ghl;ow;F bghUe;Jk; jpl;l';fs;,e;jpa murpdhy; (bjhlh;tz;o Jiw) eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; jpl;l';fSf;fhf ifafg;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fspd; epy';fSf;Fg; bghUe;jhJ vd jPh;g;gspj;jpUg;gjhy;. mth;fspd; thjj;ij eh';fs; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sntz;oa njitapy;iy/ 14/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l kw;bwhU Kot[';Tl. jw;bghGija tHf;fpw;F bghUe;Jtjy;y/ cjhuzj;jpw;F. guj;rp'; kw;Wk; gyh; ? vjph;? cwhpahdh khepy muR kw;Wk; gyh;. (1988) 4 v!;/rp/rp/ 534 vd;w tHf;fpy; epykhdJ bjhHpw;rhh;e;j nehf;fpd; nkk;ghL kw;Wk; gad;ghl;ow;fhf ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ nkw;go jPh;g;gpd; gj;jp 18?,d; fUj;jhdJ. nkw;Twg;gl;l bjhlh;tz;o jpl;lk; bjhlh;ghf. epyk;,He;njhh;f;F khw;W tPl;Lkid xJf;Ftjhd bfhs;if VJk; eilKiwapy;,y;yhjbghGjpYk;. jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpg;gile;j epy chpikahsh;fSf;F khw;W tPl;Lkid tH';fg;glntz;Lk;/ mJt[k;. khepy murpdhy; tH';fg;glntz;Lk; vd bghUs;gLtjhf vt;tpjj;jpYk; mDkhdpf;fg;glKoahJ/ kWg[wj;jpy; mjpYs;s fUj;jhdJ. epyk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; epyj;ij,He;j epy chpikahsh;fs;. khw;W epyk; nfhhp tpz;zg;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ me;neuj;jpy;. epyk;,Uf;Fkhdhy; mj;jifa xJf;fPl;ow;fhd epge;jidfis mth;fs; epiwntw;Wk;gl;rj;jpy; xJf;fPl;oy; mth;fSf;F Kd;Dhpikaspf;fg;glntz;Lk; vd gzpg;gjhFk;/ v!;/gp/ fpnc&hh; ? vjph;?,e;jpa ika muR. V/I/Mh;/ 1991 v!;/rp/ 90 vd;w tHf;fpy;. epyk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ efu nkk;ghl;ow;fhdjhFk; kw;Wk; epy chpikahsUf;F tH';fg;gl;l ghpfhukhdJ mt;tHf;fpd; jdpg;gl;l bghUz;ikfspd; mog;gilapyhdjhFk;/ kpf Kjd;ikahd ghpfhukhdJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l epykpHe;j chpikahsh;fSf;F khw;W tPl;Lkidfs; xJf;Ftjhd eilKiwapypUe;j bfhs;if bjhlh;ghdjhFk;/ nkw;go cwhd;!;uh$; vr;/ b$apd; vd;w tHf;fpY';Tl //19// ifafg;gLj;jyhdJ. g[jpa efiu cUthf;Ftjw;fhdjhFk; kw;Wk; jPh;g;gpd; gj;jp 33?,ypUe;J mwpag;gl;lJnghd;W. ghjpg;gile;j epy chpikahsUf;F khw;W tPl;Lkid tH';Ftjhd murpd; bfhs;ifahdJ mj;jifa ifafg;gLj;jYf;F bghUe;JtjhFk;/ 15/ nkw;go fUj;jpd; mog;gilapy;. vjph;g;gpw;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iuia ePf;fwt[ bra;tjpy; v';fSf;F ve;jtpj jaf;fKk;,y;iy/ mjd;tpisthf. jdpg;gl;l vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l ePjpg;nguhiz kDf;fis js;Sgo bra;fpd;nwhk;/ 16/ mjw;fpz';f.,k;nky;KiwaPLfs; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ePjpg;nguhiz kD vz;fs; 39279-2005. 11907-2006. 11908-2006. 19029-2006 Mfpatw;wpy; tH';fg;gl;l Vg;uy; 28. 2006?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l bghJthd jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; cj;jut[ Mfpait Kiwna ePf;fwt[ bra;ag;gLfpwJ/ Kothf. nkw;Twg;gl;l ePjpg;nguhiz kDf;fs; js;Sgo bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ epYitapYs;s midj;J tHf;fpil tpz;zg;g';fSk; Kof;fg;gLfpd;wd/ bryt[j;bjhiffs; Fwpj;J cj;juntJkpy;iy/ khz;g[kpF ePjpaurh; jpU/ V/vk;/ fhd;tpy;fh; khz;g[kpF ePjpaurh; jpU/ m$a; u!;njh$p g[J bly;yp. 01/07/2019 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //20// bghWg;g[j;Jwg;g[ @tl;lhu bkhHpapy; bkhHpahf;fk; bra;ag;gl;l,j;jPh;g;g[iuahdJ. tHf;fho. jd;Dila bkhHpapy; g[hpe;Jbfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;jpf;bfhs;tjw;Fl;gl;lnjad;wp. ntbwe;j nehf;fj;jpw;fhft[k; gad;gLj;jpf;bfhs;syhfhJ/ midj;J eilKiwahd kw;Wk; mYty;Kiwahd nehf;f';fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; jPh;g;g[iuia epiwntw;wYf;Fk;. braw;gLj;jYf;Fk; mjd; M';fpyg; gjpg;ng mjpfhug;g{h;tkhdjhFk;/@