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Fw;wtpay; nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhutuk;g[
Fw;wtpay; nky;KiwaPL vz; 1013-2019
(rpwg;g[ mDkjp kD (F) vz; 4169-2018?ypUe;J vGfpwJ) gp/ ,unkc&; /// nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;;
?vjph;? khepy muR (rhh;ghsuhf) fhty; Jiw Ma;thsh;/ /// vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; jPh;g;g[iu khz;g[kpF ePjpaurh; Kidth; jd";$a xa;/ re;jpuN:l;:
1/ mDkjp tH';fg;gl;lJ/
2/ brd;id cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; kJiu mkh;tpdhy; tH';fg;gl;l 2018?Mk;
Mz;L khh;r; jp';fs; 27?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l jPh;g;gpdpd;W ,k;nky;KiwaPlhdJ vGfpwJ/
3/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; jd;Dila kidtpia bfhiy bra;jjw;fhf tprhhpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ ,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf kl;Lky;yhky;
,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk;1 gphpt[ 498?m?,d; fPH; jz;of;fj;jf;f Fw;wk; g[hpe;jjw;fhft[k; tprhhpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ 2016?Mk; Mz;L $^d; jp';fs; 24?Mk; ehsd;W
_tpy;ypg[j;J}hpYs;s tpUJefh; khtl;l kfpsh tpiut[ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mkh;t[ ePjpgjpahy;. gphpt[ 302 kw;Wk; 498?m?,d; fPH; g[hpe;j Fw;w';fSf;fhf. mtUf;F
Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ/ mtUf;F. gphpt[ 302?,d; fPH; jz;of;fj;jf;f
Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Ma[l;fhy rpiwj;jz;lida[k; kw;Wk; gphpt[ 498?m?,d; fPH; jz;of;fj;jf;f Fw;wj;jpw;fhf K:d;whz;Lfs; rpiwj;jz;lida[k; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ/
4/ tprhuizapd;bghGJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; kw;Wk; kuzkile;jthpd;
FHe;ijfshd m/rh/3 *v!;/* kw;Wk; m/rh/4 *bcwr;* Mfpnahhpd; rhl;rpa';fis
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j muRj;jug;g[ Kad;wJ/2
2015?Mk; Mz;L nk jp';fs; 19?Mk;
_________________________________________________
1/ (@,/j/r/@)
2/ ,j;jPh;g;gpy; ,sth;fshd FHe;ijfspd; milahskhdJ fhl;lg;gltpy;iy/
//2// ehsd;W mth;fSila rhl;rpa';fs; gjpag;gltpUe;jbghGJ. m/rh/3.
8 tajpduhft[k;. m/rh/4. 6 tajpduhft[k; ,Ue;jdh;/ mt;tpU rhl;rpfs; rhl;rpakspf;Fk; jFjpapy; cs;sduh vd;gij kjpg;gpLk;bghUl;L tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp mth;fsplk; Kjypy; rpy nfs;tpfisf; nfl;lhh;/ mth;fsplk; nfl;l nfs;tpfSs; xd;W eP';fs; ahh; Kd;ghf epd;Wbfhz;oUf;fpwPh;fs; vd c';fSf;Fj; bjhpa[kh> vd;gjhFk;/ mt;tpU rhl;rpfSk;. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jh';fs; vth;Kd; epd;Wbfhz;oUf;fpnwhk; vd bjhpahJ vd gjpyspj;jdh;/ mnjneuj;jpy;. mf;FHe;ij rhl;rpfs; j';fSila jhahhpd; kuzj;jpw;fhd N:H;epiyfs; Fwpj;J rhl;rpakspf;f te;jpUg;gjhfj; bjhptpj;jdh;/
5/ m/rh/3?f;F ePjpgjpiaa[k;. tHf;Fiu"h;fisa[k; bjhpatpy;iyahjyhy;. m/rh/3?,d; rhl;rpaj;ij gjpaKoahJ vd;Dk; Kotpw;F tprhuiz ePjpgjp te;jhh;/ mJnghd;nw. m/rh/4?I bghWj;jtiuapYk;. ahh; ePjpgjp vd mtuhy;
TwKoatpy;iy vd tprhuiz ePjpgjp fUj;J bjhptpj;jhh;/ mjd;tpisthf mth; rhl;rpakspf;f jFe;jtuy;yh; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ/ m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4 Mfpnahhpd; rhl;rpa';fs; gjpag;gltpy;iy/
6/ tprhuiz ePjpgjp. m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4 MfpnahUf;fpilapyhd ciuahly; fPH;f;fhQqkhW vLj;Jj; jug;gLfpwJ:
@bgah; : *v!;/* je;ij bgah; : ,unkc&;
Ch; : tpUJefh; jhYf;fh : tpUJefh; tFg;g[ : gp/rp/ miHj;jy; : kjk; : ,e;J taJ : 8
19/05/2015 ,d;W 1873?Mk; Mz;L X?MtJ rl;l tifa';fspd;go rj;jpag;gpukhzk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ/ nfs;tp : cd;Dila bgah; vd;d> gjpy; : *v!;* nfs;tp : cd;Dila taJ vd;d> gjpy; : 8?15
//3// nfs;tp : cd;Dila mg;gh bgah; vd;d> gjpy; : ,unkc&; nfs;tp : cd;Dila Ch; bgah; vd;d> gjpy; : rpd;d ngusp/ nfs;tp : eP vd;d bra;Jfpl;oUf;f> gjpy; : ehd; gor;Rf;fpl;oUf;nfd;/ nfs;tp : eP v';nf te;jpUf;f bjhpa[kh> gjpy; : ePjpkd;wk;/ nfs;tp : cd;id Vd; ,';nf Tg;gpl;L te;jpUf;fh';f bjhpa[kh> gjpy; : rhl;rp brhy;y/ nfs;tp : eP ahh; Kd;dhy; epd;Df;fpl;oUf;f bjhpa[kh> gjpy; : bjhpahJ/ midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; rhl;rp gjpyspj;jbghGjpYk;. Vd; eP rhl;rp brhy;y te;jpUf;f> vd ehd; mtiu nfl;ljw;F/ ehd; vd;Dila mk;khtpd; kuzk; Fwpj;J rhl;rp brhy;y te;jpUf;nfd; vd mth; gjpyspj;jhh;/ nkYk;. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; vd; Kd;nd epd;wpUg;gth;fisa[k;. vdJ gf;fj;jpypUg;gth;fisa[k; ahh; vd bjhpahJ vd gjpyspj;jhh;/ rhl;rpf;F ePjpgjpiaa[k;. tHf;Fiu"h;fisa[k; bjhpahj fhuzj;jpdhy;. mtUila rhl;rpakhdJ Vw;fj;jf;fjy;y vd ePjpkd;wk; fUJfpwJ/
(mrypy; cs;sthW) kw;Wk;
@bgah; : *bcwr;;/* je;ij bgah; : ,unkc&;
Ch; : tpUJefh; jhYf;fh : tpUJefh; tFg;g[ : gp/rp/ miHj;jy; : kjk; : ,e;J taJ : 6
19/05/2015 ,d;W 1873?Mk; Mz;L X?MtJ rl;lg;go rj;jpag;gpukhzk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ/
//4// nfs;tp : cd;Dila bgah; vd;d> gjpy; : bcwr; nfs;tp : cd;Dila taJ vd;d> gjpy; : 6?15 nfs;tp : cd;Dila mg;gh bgah; vd;d> gjpy; : ,unkc&; nfs;tp : cd;Dila Ch; bgah; vd;d> gjpy; : rpd;d ngusp/ nfs;tp : eP vd;d bra;Jfpl;oUf;f> gjpy; : ehd; xd;whtJ gor;Rf;fpl;oUf;nfd;/ nfs;tp : eP v';nf te;jpUf;fpwha; vd;W cdf;Fj; bjhpa[kh> gjpy; : ehd; v';nf epd;Df;fpl;oUf;nfd; vd;W vdf;Fj; bjhpahJ/ nfs;tp : Vd; cd;id ,';nf Tg;gpl;L te;jpUf;fh';f bjhpa[kh> gjpy; : v';f mk;khit bfhiy bra;jJ Fwpj;J brhy;y te;jpUf;nfd;/ nfs;tp : cd; Kd;dhy; ahh; epd;Df;fpl;oUf;fh';f bjhpa[kh> gjpy; : c';ffpl;l rhl;rp brhy;y te;jpUf;nfd; vd;W mth; bjhptpj;jhh;/ ehd; ahh; vd mthplk; nfl;nld;/ mjw;F mth;. eP';f ahh; vd bjhpahJ vd gjpyspj;jhh;/ ePjpkd;wk; mtiu rhl;rpakspf;f mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. Vbddpy; mth; rhl;rpakspf;f jFe;jtuy;yh;/ (mrypy; cs;sthW)
7/ gphpt[ 302 kw;Wk; 498?m?,d; fPHhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis epiyepWj;j nghjpa rhd;Wfs; gjpthtzj;jpYs;sd vd;Wk;. muRj;jug;ghdJ.
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; Fw;wj;ij Iaj;jpw;fg;ghy; epU:gpj;jpUe;jbjd;Wk;. tprhuiz ePjpgjp Kot[ bra;jhh;/ Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gpdhy; ghjpg;gile;J Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;ghf nky;Kiwapl;lhh;/
//5//
8/ m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4 Mfpnahhplk; Muk;gfl;l tpdhf;fis nfl;lgpd;dh;. mth;fspd; rhl;rpa';fisg; gjptij mDkjpf;f kWj;jjw;fhf tprhuiz ePjpgjpahy; Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLk; fhuz';fs; jtwhdit vd cah; ePjpkd;wk; Kotpw;F te;jJ/ tprhuiz ePjpkd;wkhdJ 1973?Mk; Mz;L Fw;wtpay; tprhuizKiwr; rl;lj;jpd;3 gphpt[ 164?,d; fPH; gjpag;gl;l FHe;ij rhl;rpfspd;
Tw;Wfspy; xUg[wk; ftdj;ij brYj;jpdhYk;. vth; Kd;ghf mf;FHe;ij rhl;rpfs; rhl;rpakspj;jpUe;jdnuh mtiu milahs';fhz mth;fshy; ,ayhj fhuzj;jpd; mog;gilapy;. tprhuiz ePjpgjp mth;fspd; rhl;rpaj;ij gjptij mDkjpf;f kWj;Jtpl;lhh; vd cah; ePjpkd;wk; fUj;J bjhptpj;jJ/ cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;ig ePf;fwt[ bra;J m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4?,d; rhl;rpakspf;Fk; jpwid ghugl;rkw;wKiwapy; cWjpahf mwpe;jgpwF. mth;fis tprhhpf;fntz;Lk; vd;Dk; gzpj;jYld; tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tHf;ifj; jpUg;gpaJ/ mjd;gpd;dh;. me;j rhl;rpa';fis kWj;Jiuf;Fk; tha;g;gpid Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;F mspf;fntz;Lk; vd;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wk; gzpj;Js;sJ/
9/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;fhf Kd;dpiyahd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; jpU/ bry;tpd; uh$h thjpl;ljhtJ:
(i) 2014?Mk; Mz;L $dthp jp';fs; 18?Mk; ehsd;W rk;gtk; epfH;e;j gpd;dh;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; 2014?Mk; Mz;L $dthp 20?Mk; ehsd;W ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ruzile;jhh;;
(ii) 2014?Mk; Mz;L $dthp jp';fs; 19Mk; njjpf;Fk; 2014?Mk;
Mz;L $dthp jp';fs; 21?Mk; njjpf;Fkpilna g[ydha;t[ mYtyh;
21 thf;FK:y';fisg; gjpe;jbghGjpYk;. FHe;ij rhl;rpfspd; thf;FK:ykhdJ. F/tp/K/r/. gphpt[ 164?,d; fPH; jiyik Fw;wtpay; eLtuhy; jhkjkhf 2014?Mk; Mz;L khh;r; jp';fs; 10?Mk; ehsd;W gjpag;gl;lJ;
3/ @F/tp/K/r/@
//6//
(iii) ,U FHe;ij rhl;rpfSk; rhd;Wiuf;f jFe;jth;fsy;yh; vd tprhuiz ePjpgjpahdth; 2015?Mk; Mz;L nk jp';fs; 19?Mk; ehsd;W jPh;g;gspj;jg; gpd;dh;. muRj;jug;gpdhy; rPuha;t[ VJk; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gltpy;iy; kw;Wk;
(iv) rk;gt ehspypUe;J Ie;jhz;Lfs; fle;jijaLj;J. ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; rhl;rpfs; mth;fSila jha;tHp ghl;oapd; bghWg;gpy;
,Ug;gijaLj;J. mth;fSila rhl;rpfis gjpa gzpj;jJ.
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;F fLikahd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;/@ nkw;go fhuz';fspd; mog;gilapy; tHf;if jpUg;g[k; cj;juit gpwg;gpj;jjpy; cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ epahag;gLj;jg;glKoahJ vd thjplg;gl;lJ/ vdnt Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;-nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l nky;KiwaPl;il. nfhg;gpYs;s rhd;Wfspd; mog;gilapy; kjpg;gpl;L jPh;g;gspf;f cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ gzpf;fg;gLkhdhy;. mJ rhpahdjhft[k; kw;Wk; Kiwahdjhft[k;
,Uf;Fk; vd thjplg;gl;lJ/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;ghf mt;thW bra;tjw;fhd re;jh;g;gk; mtUf;F fpilf;Fkhdhy;. re;jh;g;g N:H;epiy bjhlh;r;rpahdJ.
KGikailatpy;iy vd;gij nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; epWtKoa[k;/ N:H;epiy rhl;rpia Muha;tJ bjhlh;ghf ifahSk; ed;F jPh;t[ bra;ag;gl;l nfhl;ghLfs; bjhlh;ghf nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;ghf tpLjiyia typa[Wj;j mUfija[ilatuhthh; vd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"uhy; thjplg;gl;lJ/
10/ kWg[wj;jpy; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;ig Mjhpf;ifapy;. muRj;jug;gpy;
Kd;dpiyahFk; fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; jpU/ nahnfc&; fz;zh. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; jug;gpd; thjj;jpd; xU gFjpahdJ. FHe;ij rhl;rpfs; ,f;fl;lj;jpy; rhl;rpakspf;f mDkjpf;fg;gLthh;fshdhy;. mJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; ghjpg;ig mjpfg;gLj;jptpLk; vDk; a{fj;jpd; mog;gilapyhdJ m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4
Mfpnahhpd; thf;FK:y';fs; F/tp/K/r/. gphpt[ 164?,d; fPH; ePjpj;Jiw eLtuhy; gjpag;gl;ld/ nkYk;. rhl;rpfis FWf;F tprhuiz bra;a nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; mUfija[ilatuhthh; vd thjpl;lhh;/ m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4 Mfpnahhpd; rhl;rpa';fis gjpa kWg;gjw;F tprhuiz ePjpgjpahy; Kjd;ikahdjhf fUjg;gl;l fhuz';fs; btspg;gilahfnt jtwhditahjyhy;. mePjpia
//7// jLf;Fk;bghUl;L cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l cj;juthdJ cWjpbra;ag;glntz;Lk;/ mth;fSila rhl;rpa';fs; tpyf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf
Fw;wj;ij fz;l ,ay;ghd rhl;rpfshd ,U FHe;ijfspd; rhl;rpa';fis muRj;jug;gpdhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j Koatpy;iy vd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; thjpl;lhh;/
11/ ,U jug;g[ thj';fisa[k; kjpg;gPL bra;tjpy; m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4
Mfpnahh; rhl;rpakspf;f jFe;jth;fsy;y kw;Wk; mth;fSila rhl;rpa';fs; gjpag;glf;TlhJ vd;Dk; Kotpw;F tu tprhuiz ePjpgjpahy; Kjd;ikahdjhf fUjg;gl;l fhuz';fspy; eh';fs; ftdk; brYj;jntz;Lk;/ Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; kw;Wk; kuzkile;jthpd; kfshd m/rh/3. 8 tajpdUk; kw;Wk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; kw;Wk; kuzkile;jthpd; kfdhd m/rh/4. 6 tajpdUk; Mth;/ tprhuiz ePjpgjp. mth;fsplk; rpy mog;gil tpdhf;fisf; nfl;lhh;/ rhl;rpfs; ,UtUk; rhd;wspf;f jFe;jth;fsy;yh; vd;Dk; Kotpw;F tprhuiz ePjpgjp tUtjw;F Kjd;ikf; fhuzkhf fUjg;gl;l tpdhthdJ. FHe;ijfs; ahh; Kd;ghf epd;Wbfhz;oUe;jdnuh mtiu mth;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jduh vd;gjhFk;/
,t;tpdhf;fSf;F m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4 Mfpnahh; bjhpahJ vd gjpyspj;jdh;/ tprhuiz ePjpgjp Kw;wpYk; ,jd; mog;gilapnyna FHe;ij rhl;rpfs; ePjpgjpiaa[k; kw;Wk; tHf;Fiu"h;fisa[k; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iyahjyhy;. mth;fSila rhl;rpa';fs; Vw;fj;jf;fjy;y vd tprhuiz ePjpgjp mwpe;jhh;/
12/ m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4 Mfpnahhpd; rhl;rpa';fis gjptij jLf;f tprhuiz ePjpgjpahy; Kjd;ikahf fUjg;gl;l fhuzkhdJ. btspg;gilahfnt jtwhdJ/ mJ. mePjpf;F tHpnfhYk; vd;Dk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;Jld; eh';fs; cld;gLfpnwhk;/ Kjd;ikahf. m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4 Mfpnahh; mth;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij mwpe;jpUe;jdh;/ mth;fs; mth;fSila mk;khtpd; kuzj;jpw;fhd N:H;epiyia Fwpj;J rhl;rpakspf;fnt ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
,Ue;jjhf. mth;fs; tprhuiz ePjpgjpaplk; Twpa[s;sdh;/ tprhuiz ePjpgjp jPh;khdpj;jpUf;fntz;oaJ ahbjdpy;. FHe;ij rhl;rpfs; rhl;rpakspf;Fk;tifapy;. jFe;j kdepiyapy; cs;sduh kw;Wk; vjw;fhf mth;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F te;jdh; vd;gij mwpe;jpUe;jduh vd;gjhFk;/ xU FHe;ij rhl;rpapd; rhl;rpaj;ij gjpa[k;
//8//
Kd;dh; tprhuiz ePjpkd;wkhdJ. FHe;ij rhl;rpahdth; tpdhf;fSf;F mwpt[g;g{h;tkhf gjpy;fis mspf;f jFjpahdtuh vd;gij jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhd tpdhf;fis mthplk; nfl;fntz;Lk;/ FHe;ij rhl;rpahdth; Fw;wk; bjhlh;ghd rk;gtj;ij epidt[g;gLj;jp tpthpg;gjw;fhd mwpt[g;g{h;t kw;Wk; cs;shh;e;jwpa[k; jpwidg; bgw;Ws;shuh vd;gij jPh;khdpf;f ,r;bray;ghlhdJ ePjpkd;wj;ij mDkjpf;fpwJ/
13/ gphpt[ 1184 mth; xU egh; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;ghf rhd;wspg;gjw;fhd jFjpiaf; Fwpj;J ifahSk;. 1872?Mk; Mz;ila rhd;wpay; rl;lj;jpd;go rhd;wspf;f jFjpaw;wtuy;yh;/ gphpt[ 45
1969?Mk; Mz;ila cWjpbkhHp rl;lkhdJ
12 tajpw;Fk; fPHhd FHe;ij rhl;rpf;fhd tpjptpyf;Fld; midj;J rhl;rpfSk;
4/ gphpt[ 118/ ahh; rhl;rpakspf;fyhk; ? mthplk; nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhit g[hpe;Jbfhs;tjpdpd;nwh my;yJ mtw;wpw;F gjpyspg;gjpdpd;nwh gp";R gUtj;jpdhnyh my;yJ
KJikapdhnyh my;yJ cly;-kd nehahnyh my;yJ mJnghd;w ntWfhuzj;jpdhnyh jil bra;ag;gLfpwhh;fs; vd ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhyd;wp. midj;J egh;fSk; rhd;wspf;Fk; jFjpa[ilatuhth;/ tpsf;fk; ? kd nehahspahdth; mthplk; nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fis g[hpe;Jbfhs;tjpdpd;Wk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;F mwpt[g;g{h;tkhf gjpyspg;gjpdpd;Wk; mtUila kd nehahy; jilbra;ag;gl;lhyd;wp/
5/ gphpt[ 4/ rhl;rpfshy; my;yJ tpsf;ft[iuahsh;fshy; my;yJ kd;w cWg;gpdh;fshy; cWjpaspf;fg;glntz;oait ?
JUDGMENT
(1) gpd;tUk; egh;fshy; cWjpaspf;fg;glntz;Lk;. mth;fs;:? (m) rhl;rpakspf;f midj;J rhl;rpfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;ghf my;yJ rl;lj;jpdhy; m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;l eghpd; Kd;ghf my;yJ mj;jifa egiu tprhhpf;f my;yJ rhd;Wbgw. jug;gpdh;fspd; xg;g[jy; bgw;w mjpfhhpapd; Kd;ghf rl;lg;go tprhhpf;fg;glntz;oa my;yJ rhd;wspf;fntz;oa my;yJ rhd;wspf;f njitg;gLk; midj;J egh;fSk;; (M) nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfshy; mspf;fg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fgth;fs;; kw;Wk; (,) kf;fs; ePjpkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;: Fwpg;g[. rhl;rpahdth; 12 tajpw;Fk; fPHhd FHe;ijahf,Ue;J. mj;jif rhl;rpia tprhhpf;Fk; ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; bgw;w egh;. rhl;rpahdth; cz;ikia ngRk; flikia czh;e;Jk;. mth; cWjpaspf;Fk; my;yJ cWjp bkhHpbaLf;Fk; jd;ikia czutpy;iy vd fUJthuhdhy;.,g;gphptpd; nkw;go tpjpfs; kw;Wk; gphpt[ 5 Mfpait mj;jifa rhl;rpf;Fg; bghUe;jhJ/ Mdhy;. mj;jifa ahbjhU tHf;fpYk; cWjpaspj;jy; my;yJ cWjpbkhHpbaLj;jy;,y;yhikahdJ. mj;jifa rhl;rpahy; mspf;fg;gl;l rhl;rpaj;ij Vw;fj;jfhjJ kw;Wk; mj;jifa rhl;rpahdth; cz;ikiaf; TWk; flikia ghjpf;fhJ/ (2) Fw;wtpay; eltof;ifapy; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; jw;fhg;g[ rhl;rpahf tprhhpf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp. mth; cWjpnaw;fr; bra;jiya[k; my;yJ ahbjhU ePjpkd;wj;jpd; muRg;g{h;tkhd tpsf;Fgth;. mth; jd;Dila mYtyf flikia Jt';fpa gpd;dh;. jd;dila flikfis tp!;thrkhf epiwntw;Wtjhf cWjpnaw;f bra;jiya[k; rl;lg;goahdjhf;fhJ/ //9// cWjpbkhHpnaw;f gzpf;fpwJ/ vdnt. 12 tajpw;Fk; fPHhd FHe;ij rhl;rpahdth; rhl;rpakspf;f jFjpahdth; vd ePjpkd;wkhdJ jpUg;jpa[Wkhdhy;. mj;jifa rhl;rpahdth; cWjpnaw;wnyh my;yJ cWjpbkhHpnahapd;wp tprhhpf;fg;glKoa[k;/,t;tpjpahdJ. jj;J uhk;uht; rfhnu ?vjph;? kfhuhc&;ou khepy muR[6] vd;Dk; tHf;fpy; Twg;gl;lJ. mjpy;,e;ePjpkd;wkhdJ FHe;ij rhl;rpfs; bjhlh;ghf,t;thwhf,e;ePjpkd;wkhdJ jPh;g;gspj;jJ: @5/ FHe;ij rhl;rpahdth; bghUz;ikiaf; Fwpj;J rhl;rpakspf;f jFe;jtuhft[k; kw;Wk; ek;gfkhdtuhft[k; mwpag;gLthuhdhy; mj;jifa rhl;rpank Fw;wj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j mog;gilahf mikaKoa[k;/ ntW brhw;fspy; TWtjhdhy;. cWjpbkhHp,y;yhjepiyapYk;. rhd;wpay; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 118?,d; fPH; FHe;ij rhl;rpakhdJ ghprPypf;fg;glKoa[k;/ Fwpg;g[. mj;jifa rhl;rpahdth; nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fisg; g[hpe;Jbfhz;L mtw;wpw;F mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd gjpy;fis mspf;f,ay;gtuhf,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ FHe;ij rhl;rpapd; rhl;rpak; kw;Wk; mjd; ek;gfj;jd;ik Mfpait xt;bthU tHf;fpd; N:H;epiyiaa[k; rhh;e;jjhFk;/ FHe;ij rhl;rpapd; rhl;rpaj;ij Muha;ifapy;. ePjpkd;wk; kdjpw;bfhs;sntz;oa xnu Kd;bdr;rhpf;if ahbjdpy;. mth; ek;gfkhdtuhft[k; kw;Wk; mts;-mtDila elj;ijahdJ. gpw jFjpahd rhl;rpfspd; elj;ijiag; nghd;nw,Uf;fntz;Lk; kw;Wk; brhy;ypf; bfhLg;gjhf,Uj;jy;TlhJ/ 14/ Kjypy; FHe;ijahdJ. jFjpahd rhl;rpahf,Uj;jy;ntz;Lk;/ mjd;gpd;dnu mtd;-mtSila thf;FK:ykhdJ mDkjpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;/,t;tpjpahdJ. If;fpa mbkhpf;f cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; tPyh; ?vjph;? If;fpa mbkhpf;fh[7] vd;w tHf;fpy; tFf;fg;gl;lJ/ mjpy;.,t;thwhf jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ/ 6/ (1997) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 341 7/ 159 a{/v!;/ 523 (1895) //10// @,uz;L my;yJ K:d;W taJ FHe;ijia rhl;rpahf miHf;f ahUk; epidj;Jg;ghh;f;fhj epiyapy; jFjpiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; tanjJk;,y;iy/,J. FHe;ijapd; jpwd; kw;Wk; mwpt[ tsh;r;rp. cz;ikf;Fk; kw;Wk; bgha;ikf;Fkpilapyhd ntw;Wik kw;Wk; Ke;ijaijf; TWtjw;fhd flik Mfpatw;iw mwpa[k; jpwd; nghd;wtw;iwr; rhh;e;jjhFk;/,t;tpdhtpd; KothdJ. Kd;bkhHpag;gl;l rhl;rpiag; ghh;f;fpd;w mtUila elj;ij. btspj;njhw;wk; kw;Wk; mwpt[f;Th;ikapd;ik Mfpatw;iw ftdpf;fpd;w tprhuiz ePjpgjpia rhh;e;Js;sJ/ mth;. FHe;ij rhl;rpapd; jpwd;. mwpt[f;Th;ik kw;Wk; cWjpbkhHpapd; flik Mfpatw;iw btspg;gLj;Jk;tifapyhd tprhuizia nkw;bfhs;syhk;/,Jnghd;w gy tptu';fs; glk;gpoj;J Mtzkhf;fg;glKoahJ/ tprhuiz ePjpgjpapd; KothdJ. kW Ma;tpy; (jtwhf,Ue;jhyd;wp),ila{W bra;ag;glhJ/@ (typa[Wj;jpf; Twg;gl;lJ),uj;jd;rp'; jy;Rf;gha; ehaf; ?vjph;? F$uhj; khepy muR[8] vd;w tHf;if rhh;e;J,e;ePjpkd;wk;,t;thwhf jPh;g;gspj;jJ: @7/ /////FHe;ij rhl;rpahdth;. nghjpa mwpt[f;Th;ikiag; bgw;Ws;shuh vd;w KothdJ rhl;rpapd; elj;ij. bjspthd njhw;wk; kw;Wk; mwpt[f;Th;ikapd;ik Mfpatw;iwg; ghh;f;fpd;w tprhuiz ePjpgjpia rhh;e;Js;sJ kw;Wk; rhl;rpapd; jpwd;. mwpt[f;Th;ik kw;Wk; cWjpbkhHpapd; flikiaf; Fwpj;J mtUila g[hpe;Jbfhs;Sk; jpwd; Mfpatw;iw btspg;gLj;Jtjhd tprhuizia ePjpgjp nkw;bfhs;syhk;/ vdpDk;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KothdJ. nfhg;gpy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mtz';fspypUe;J mtUila Kot[ jtwhdJ vd;gJ bjspthFk;/ Mdhy;. mJ,ila{W bra;ag;gLk;,k;Kd;bdr;rhpf;ifahdJ mtrpakhFk;/ fhuzk;. FHe;ij rhl;rpfs; 8/ (2004) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 64 mjidj; bjhlh;e;J ept;Ul;o ghz;Lu';f; nfhfnl ?vjph;? kfhuhc&;ou khepy muR. (2008) 12 v!;/rp/rp/ 565/ //11// vspjpy; brhy;ypf;bfhLj;J fl;Lg;gLj;jj;jf;fth;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gitf;fg;gLk; cyfpy; thH;gth;fs;/ FHe;ij rhl;rpfs; vspjpy; tisgth;fs; kw;Wk; vspjpy; bry;thf;F brYj;jg;gLgth;fs;/ Mgj;jhd rhl;rpfs; ntz;oathW bewpg;gLj;jp. vLg;ghh; ifg;gps;isahf khw;wg;gLgth;fs;/ Mjyhy;. mth;fs; Mgj;jhd rhl;rpfs; vd;gJ epUtg;gl;l nfhl;ghlhFk;/ mnjneuj;jpy;. FHe;ij rhl;rpfspd; rhd;iw ftdkhfg; ghprPypj;jg; gpd;dh;. mjpy; cz;ika[s;sJ vd;Dk; Kotpw;F ePjpkd;wk; tUkhdhy;. FHe;ij rhl;rpaj;ij Vw;gjpy; jilnaJkpy;iy/ 15/ FHe;ij rhl;rpapd; jFjpiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk;bghUl;L. ePjpgjpahdth; fUj;jpw;bfhs;sntz;oa[s;sJ/ ePjpgjpahdth;. FHe;ij rhl;rpapd; jFjpia nrhjpf;f Rje;jpuKilatuhthh;. xU FHe;ij rhl;rpapd; jFjpia btspg;gLj;Jk; mwpt[ kw;Wk; mwpt[f;Th;ik Mfpatw;wpd; mst[ Fwpj;J. bjspthd tpjpnaJk; tFf;fg;glKoahJ/ FHe;ij rhl;rpapd; jFjpahdJ. rk;gtj;ij g[hpe;J ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cz;ikiaf; TWtjw;fhd jpwid kjpg;gpLk;tifapy; mtd;mtsplk; nfs;tpfs; nfl;fg;glntz;Lk;/ Fw;wtpay; eltof;iffspy; (i) rhl;rpahf nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhit g[hpe;Jbfhs;Sk;; (ii) g[hpe;Jbfhs;Sk; tifapy; gjpyspf;f,aYk;/ vt;tajpdUk;. rhl;rpakspf;f jFjpa[ilatuhthh;/ gp";R gUt FHe;ijahdth; nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fis g[hpe;Jbfhz;L mtw;wpw;F mwpt[g;g{h;tkhf gjpyspf;Fk; mwpt[j; jpwDilatuhdhy;. mts;-mtd; rhl;rpakspf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl Koa[k;/9 FHe;ijahdJ tpdhf;fis g[hpe;Jbfhz;L. mtw;wpw;F xj;j kw;Wk; g[hpe;Jbfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; gjpyspf;f Koatpy;iy vd ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy; kl;Lnk mf;FHe;ijahdth; rhl;rpakspf;f jFjpaw;wtuhfpwhh;/10 FHe;ijahdth; 9/ jy;Rf;gha; ehaf; ?vjph;? F$uhj; khepy muR. (2004) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 64/ 10/ rh;f;fhh;. @rhd;wpay; rl;lk;@ 19?Mk; gjpg;g[. mj;jpahak; 2. byf;rp!; bef;rp!;. gf;fk; 2678/ o/gP/gP/ ?vjph;? vk;/. (1977) 2 My;,/Mh;/ 749 (f;a{/gp/o/) //12// mts;-mtdplk; nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fisg; g[hpe;Jbfhz;L mtw;wpw;F mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd gjpy;fis mspg;ghuhdhy;. mts;-mtd; tprhhpf;fg;gl jFjpahd rhl;rpbad bfhs;syhk;/ 16/ tprhuiz ePjpgjpahy; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gl;l fhuz';fs; jtwhdit vd;gjpy; eh';fs; jpUg;jpa[Wfpd;nwhk;/,r;N:H;epiyfspy; v';fSila fUj;jpy;. m/rh/3 kw;Wk; m/rh/4 Mfpnahhpd; rhl;rpa';fs; gjpahikahdJ. tprhuiz ePjpgjpapd; Iaj;jpw;fplkw;w jtwhd mQqFKiwahFk; vd;Dk; Kotpw;F te;jjpy; cah; ePjpkd;wk; epahag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ 17/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KothdJ. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhy; nky;Kiw? aplg;gl;ljpyhd Kot[ vd;w bghUz;ikia eh';fs; ftdj;jpy; bfhz;Ls;nshk;/ mj;jifa N:H;epiyapy;. Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gpw;bfjpuhf nky;Kiwaplg;gl;ljpy; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu';fspd; tuk;ig tpthjpg;gJ njitahfpwJ/ gphpt[ 37411 Fw;wtpay; tprhuizKiwr; rl;lkhdJ Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;g[fSf;bfjpuhf nky;KiwaPLfSf;F tHpnfhyp mkh;t[ ePjpkd;wj;jpdhnyh my;yJ TLjy; mkh;t[ ePjpkd;wj;jpdhnyh Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;l egh; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;ghf 11/ gphpt[ 374 ? Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;g[fspypUe;J nky;KiwaPLfs;: (1) cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; jd;Dila rpwg;g[ mry; Fw;wtpay; rl;ltuk;gpd; fPH; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l tprhuizapy; Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;l ve;j egUk;. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nky;Kiwaplyhk;/ (2) mkh;t[ ePjpgjpahnyh my;yJ TLjy; mkh;t[ ePjpgjpahnyh my;yJ ntW ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpdhYk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l tprhuizapy;. VHhz;LfSf;F nkyhf Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;l vtUk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nky;Kiwaplyhk;/ (3) Jiz gphpt[ (2)?,y; ntWtif bra;ag;gl;lthud;wp. ? (m) khefu Fw;wtpay; eLtuhnyh my;yJ Jiz mkh;t[ ePjpkd;wj;jpdhnyh my;yJ Kjy; tFg;g[ my;yJ,uz;lhk; tFg;g[ Fw;wtpay; eLtuhnyh nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l tprhuizapy; Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;l vtUk; my;yJ (M) Fw;wtpay; eLtuhy;,/j/r/. gphpt[ 325?,d; fPH; my;yJ (,) ahUf;F,/j/r/. gphpt[ 360?,d; fPH; Fw;wtpay; eLtuhy; cj;jut[ gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;snjh my;yJ Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;snjh. mth; mkh;t[ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nky;Kiwaplyhk;/ (4),e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk; (45-1860) gphpt[ 376. gphpt[ 376(m). gphpt[ 376(mM). gphpt[ 376(M). gphpt[ 376(,). gphpt[ 376(<). gphpt[ 376(<m). gphpt[ 376(<M) my;yJ gphpt[ 376(c) nghd;wtw;wpd; fPH; tH';fg;gl;l jz;lidf;bfjpuhf nky;Kiwapl;Ls;sbghGJ. nky;Kiwapl;l ehs;Kjy; 6 khj';fSf;Fs;shf nky;KiwaPlhdJ Kof;fg;glntz;Lk;/ //13// nky;Kiwapl mDkjpf;fpwJ/ F/tp/K/r/. gphpt[ 38612 Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;g[ my;yJ tpLjiyj; jPh;g;gpw;bfjpuhd nky;KiwaPl;il Kof;ifapy; nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij tiuaWf;fpwJ/,g;gphptpd; fPHhd mjpfhukhdJ. 12/ gphpt[ 386 ? nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu';fs; Mtz';fisg; goj;J nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; my;yJ mtUila tHf;Fiu"hpd; thjj;ijf; nfl;lgpd;dh;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu';fs; mth; Kd;dpiyahthuhdhy; kw;Wk; muRj;jug;g[ Fw;wtpay; tHf;Fiu"h; Kd;dpiyahthuhdhy; kw;Wk; gphpt[fs; 377 kw;Wk; 378 Mfpatw;wpd; fPHhd nky;KiwaPl;oy; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; Kd;dpiyahthuhdhy;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wkhdJ FWf;fpLtjw;F nghjpa fhuzkpy;iy vd fUJkhdhy; nky;KiwaPl;ilj; js;Sgo bra;ayhk; my;yJ?
(m) tpLjiy cj;jutpypUe;bjGk; nky;KiwaPl;oy; mj;jifa cj;juit vjph;kiwahf;fp nkYk; tprhhpf;fnth my;yJ Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; kPz;Lk; tprhhpf;fg;glnth my;yJ tprhuizf;fDg;gpnah my;yJ mtiu Fw;wthspahf mwpe;J mtUf;F rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L jz;lidaspj;njh gzpf;fyhk;;
(M) Fw;wt[Wjp jPh;g;gpypUe;bjGk; nky;KiwaPl;oy; ?
(i) Koita[k; kw;Wk; jz;lidj; jPh;g;iga[k; vjph;kiwahf;fp Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;fntz;Lk; my;yJ nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F fPGs;s chpa rl;l tuk;g[ila ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy;. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; kPz;Lk; tprhhpf;fg;gl cj;jutplntz;Lk; my;yJ nky;tprhuizf;F mDg;gg;glntz;Lk; my;yJ (ii) jz;lidia epiyepWj;jp Koit khw;wyhk;. my;yJ
(iii) Koit khw;wpnah my;yJ khw;whknyh jz;lidapd; jd;ikia my;yJ msit my;yJ jd;ikiaa[k;. msita[k; khw;wyhk;/ Mdhy;. mjid mjpfg;gLj;jf;TlhJ; (,) jz;lidia mjpfg;gLtjw;fhd nky;KiwaPl;oy; ?
(i) Koita[k;. jz;lidiaa[k; vjph;kiwahf;fp Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltiu Fw;wj;jpypUe;J tpLtpf;fyhk; my;yJ mth; Fw;wj;ij tprhhpf;Fk; jFjpa[ila ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; kPz;Lk; tprhhpf;fg;gl cj;jutplyhk;/ my;yJ
(ii) Koit khw;wp jz;lidia epiyepWj;jp; my;yJ
(iii) Koit khw;wpnah my;yJ khw;whknyh jz;lidia mjpfhpf;Fk; my;yJ
Fiwf;Fk;tifapy;. mjd; jd;ikia my;yJ msit khw;wp my;yJ jd;ikiaa[k; kw;Wk; msita[k; khw;wyhk;; (<) ntbwnjDk; cj;jutpypUe;bjGk; nky;KiwaPl;oy; mj;jifa cj;juit khw;wyhk; my;yJ vjph;kiwahf;fyhk;;
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