Civil Appeal No. 17922 of 2017

Supreme Court of India · 13 Jun 2019
Uday Umesh Lalit; Deepak Gupta
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 17922 OF 2017
2019 INSC 894
administrative appeal_allowed Significant

AI Summary

The Supreme Court upheld the regulatory framework for distance education under the University Grants Commission Act, validating oversight while protecting recognized institutions' rights to offer distance learning programs.

Full Text
Translation output
fv;eb/wo:-;EkBe GkPk ftZu nB[tkd ehsk frnk fBnK fBoDK e/tb w[eZdw/pkIk bJh T[jBK dh nkgDh GkPk ftu ;wMD sZe jh ;hws j? ns/ fJ;dk fe;/ j'o T[d/P bJh fJ;s/wkb BjhA ehsk ik
;edk. ;ko/ ftjkoe ns/ nfXekos wzstk bJh, fBnK fBoD/ dk nzro/Ih ;z;eoD gqwkfDe j't/rk ns/ nwb bkr{ eoB bJh fJ; B{z soihj fdZsh ikt/rh. fog'oN:'r
Gkos dh ;[gohw e'oN ftZu dhtkBh nghb nfXeko y/so
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(CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION) fw;b?fBn; n?gbhe/PB BzH 2367$2018
(MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATION NO. 2367 OF 2018) ftZu dhtkBh nghb Bz: 17922/2017
IN
(CIVIL APPEAL NO. 17922 OF 2017) fJz;NhfNT[PB nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI (fJzvhnk) fJ;d/ u/now/B okjhA
HHHHHHHHHHnghbeosk pBkw gzikp oki ns/ j'o
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T[d/ T[w/P bfbs, iZi
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2H nghbeosk i' fe ;[;kfJNhI ofi;Nq/PB n?eN, 1860 nXhB ofi;Nov fJZe ;[;kfJNh j?, pko/ fejk iKdk j? fe fJj we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr g/P/toK d/ g/P/ ns/ nfGnk; B{z T[s;kjs eoB bJh ;Ekgs ehsh rJh j?. fJ; dhnK rshftXhnK ftZu, N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhnoK dh gqhfynk
2019 INSC 894
Gkr^I ns/ Gkr^II, nkN'w'pkJhb N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhnoK dh gqhfynk Gkr^I ns/ Gkr^II, T[sgkdB
N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhno dk Gkr^I ns/ Gkr^II, o?cqhio/PB ns/ J/no ezvhPfBzr N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhnoK dh gqhfynk Gkr^I ns/ Gkr^II ns/ we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr ftZu “n?;';hJ/N w?ApofPg gqhfynk d/ ;?ePB^J/ ns/ ;?ePB^ph dhnK d' ;kbkBk gqhfynktK Pkwb jB. nfifjnK gqhfynktK d/ ;cbskg{ote ;zgzB j'D s/ nghbeosk d[nkok “n?;';hJ/N w?Apo nk| fJz;NhfNT[PB nk| fJzihBhnoi@ d/ ;oNhfce/N Bkb (;zy/g ftZu J/Hn?wHnkJhHJhH) ;BwkfBs ehsk iKdk j?.
3H :{Bhtof;Nh rqKN; efwPB n?eN, 1956(;zy/g ftZu “:{HihH;hH n?eN@) B{z :{Bhtof;NhnK ftZu skbw/b bJh gqpzX ns/ wkgdzv fBoXkoD eoB bJh pDkfJnk frnk ;h ns/ ;?ePB 2(n?c) ftZu :{Bhtof;Nh dh gfoGkPk fdZsh rJh j? HHHHHHHHH fJZe :{Bhtof;Nh e/Adoh n?eN, ;{pkJh n?eN iK oki n?eN d[nkok iK nXhB ;Ekgs iK Pkwb ehsh rJh j? ns/ fJ; ftZu e'Jh th nfijh
;z;Ek Pkwb j? i' fe fJ; n?eN d/ nXhB fJ; d/ bJh pDkJ/ fB:wK nB[;ko fit/A fe ;zpzfXs
:{Bhtof;Nh Bkb ;bkj wPto/ ftZu, efwPB d[nkok wkBsk gqkgs j't/. Xkok 3 d/ nB[;ko, “:{Bhtof;Nh wzfBnk iKdk j?@ dk doik, fJZe :{Bhtof;Nh s'A fJbktk T[Zu ftfdnk bJh fe;/
;z;Ek B{z fdZsk ik ;edk j?. :{HihH;hH n?eN dh Xkok 22(1) d/ nB[;ko, fvrohnK gqdkB eoB d/ nfXeko dh tos'A f;oc fJZe :{Bhtof;Nh d[nkok ehsh ik ;edh j? i' fe fJZe e/Adoh n?eN d[nkok, ;{pkJh n?eN iK oki n?eN d[nkok$nXhB ;Ekgs iK Pkwb ehsh rJh j? iK e'Jh ;z;Ek fi; B{z :{HihH;hH n?eN dh Xkok 3 nXhB :{Bhtof;Nh wzfBnk iKdk j? iK e'Jh ;z;Ek fi; B{z yk; s"o s/ ;z;d d[nkok fvrohnK gqdkB eoB dk nfXeko fdZsk frnk j?.
4H 26$05$1976 B{z, Gkos ;oeko, f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki GbkJh wzsokbk B/ ftZfdne :'rsktK dk w[bKeD p'ov dh f;ckoP s/ noih s"o s/ fszB ;kbK bJh, e/Ado ;oeko d/ nXhB T[Zu nj[fdnK ns/ ;/tktK bJh Gosh d/ T[d/P Bkb, we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI n?;';hJ/PB nkc fJzvhnk dh n?;';hJ/N w?ApofPg fJwfsjkB ftZu gk; B{z fe;/ wkBsk gqkgs Gkosh :{Bhtof;Nh$;z;Ek s'A gk; we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh d/ pokpo oZfynk. 06$10$1981 B{z, Gkos ;oeko, f;Zfynk ns/ ;fGnkuko wzsokbk, f;Zfynk ftGkr B/, ftZfdne :'rsktK dk w[bKeD p'ov dh f;ckoP s/, e/Ado ;oeko d/ nXhB T[Zu nj[fdnK ns/ ;/tktK bJh Gosh d/ T[d/P bJh, nghbeosk d/ J/Hn?wHnkJhHJhH gk; B{z wkBsk d/Dk ikoh oZyD dk c?;bk ehsk.
5H nkb fJzvhnk e"A;b cko N?eBheb n?i{e/PB n?eN, 1987 (;zy/g ftZu
“J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhHn?eN@) d/P Go ftZu seBheh f;Zfynk gqDkbh dh ;jh :'iBkpzdh ns/ skbw/b ftek; d/ wZd/BIo, nkb fJzvhnk N?eBheb n?i{e/PB dh ;EkgBk bJh, :'iBkpZX wksokswe tkX/ d/ ;zpzX ftZu nfijh f;Zfynk d/ r[DKswe ;[Xko ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk gqDkbh ns/ fJ; Bkb i[V/ wkwfbnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu fB:wK ns/ wkgdzvK dh ;jh ;zGkb bJh gqdkB ehsk frnk ;h. Ppd
‘seBheh f;Zfynk* ns/ ‘seBheh ;z;Ek* B{z Xkok 2 (ihH) ns/ (n?ZuH) ftZu gfoGkPs ehsk frnk j?L^
“(ihH) “ seBheh f;Zfynk@ dk noE j? fJzihnBfozr seBkb'ih ftZu f;Zfynk, y'i ns/ f;ybkJh d/ gq'rokw, nkoehN?euo, NkT[B gbkfBzr, w?B/iw?AN, ckow/;h, ngbkJhv nkoN; ns/ fPbgekoh d/ gq'rokw ns/ nfij/ j'o gq'rokw iK y/so i' fe e/Ado
;oeko, e"A;b Bkb ;bkj wPtok eoe/ ;oekoh rIN ftZu B'Nhfce/PB d[nkok, n?bkB eo ;edh j?l
(n?ZuH) “seBheh ;z;Ek@ dk noE j? fJZe ;z;Ek, Bk fe fJZe :{Bhtof;Nh, i' fe seBheh f;Zfynk d/ e'o; iK gq'rokw gqdkB eodh j? ns/ fJ; ftZu j'o ;z;EktK Pkwb j'DrhnK fijBK B{z e/Ado ;oeko, e"A;b Bkb ;bkj wPtok eoe/, ;oekoh rIN ftZu
B'Nhfce/PB d[nkok, seBheh ;z;EktK ti'A x'fPs eo ;edh j?l @
J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH n?eN dh Xkok 10, Xkok 3 d/ nXhB ;Ekgs J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh d/ ekoiK dh rDBk eodh j?. T[es Xkok 10 j/m nB[;ko j?L^
10H e"A;b d/ ezwL^ e"A;b dk fJj |oI pDdk j? fe T[j ;ko/ nfij/ edw u[ZeD i' fe
T[j seBheh f;Zfynk ns/ wkgdzvK d/ oZy^oykn d/ skbw/b ns/ J/ehfeqs ftek; B{z
:ehBh pDkT[D bJh mhe ;wMdk j? ns/ fJ; n?eN d/ nXhB, nkgD/ ekoiK B{z fBGkT[D d/ T[d/P bJh, e"A;b eo ;edk$dh j?L^
(J/) seBheh f;Zfynk d/ tZy^tZy y/soK ftZu ;ot/yD eoDk, ;ko/ ;zpzXs wkwfbnK s/ nzeV/ fJeZso eoBk ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk ftZu b'VhAd/ ftek; ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; dh GZftypkDh eoBhl
(ph) d/P ftZu jo gZXo s/ seBheh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ftZu skbw/b ;Ekgs eoBkl
(;h) e"A;b d/ czv ftZu'A fB:wK ns/ PosK d/ nXko s/ czv ikoh eoBk ns/ tzvDk, fi; bJh mhe ;wMdk j't/L^
(i) seBheh ;z;EktK ns/
(ii) efwPB Bkb skbw/b ;Ekgs eoe/ seBheh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB tkbhnK :{Bhtof;NhnKl
(vh) ;Ekgs ns/ BthnK seBkb'ihnK, ftZu BthBsktK, y'i ns/ ftek; B{z T[s;kjs eoBk, ftek; dhnK io{osK B{z g{ok eoB bJh ns/ ftZfdne gqfefonktK ftZu ;w[Zu/ s"o s/ ;[Xko bJh BthnK seBkb'ihnK B{z ngDkT[Dk ns/ nB[e{b j'Dk.
(JhH) n"osK, nzrjhDK ns/ ;wki d/ ewI'o tor d/ b'eK bJh seBheh f;Zfynk B{z
T[sPkjs eoB bJh :'iBktK fsnko eoBkl
(n?cH) seBheh f;Zfynk gqDkbh ns/ j'o ;zpzXs gqDkbhnK fiBQK ftZu y'i ns/ ftek;
;z;EktK, T[d:'r ns/ efwT[fBNh Pkwb jB, dofwnkB gqGktPkbh ;zpzX B{z T[s;kjs eoBkl
(ihH) seBheh ;z;EktK ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk d/D tkbhnK :{Bhtof;NhnK bJh T[Zfus gqdoPB w[bKeD gqDkbhnK ftef;s eoBk ns/ itkpd/jh bkr{ eoB bJh wkBe ns/ ftXh Pkwb eoBkl
(n?u) nfXnkgeK dh P[o{nksh ns/ ;/tk d"okB f;ybkJh bJh :'iBktK fsnko eoBk ns/ ;Nk| ftek; gq'rokwK ns/ nfXnkgeK dh fBozso f;Zfynk bJh, ;z;EktK iK
;?ANoK dh gSkD eoBh ns/ Bt/A ;?ANo ;Ekgs eoB/l
(nkJh) e'o;K, gkmeqwK, ;ohoe ns/ f;ybkJh ;j{bsK, ;Nkc g?NoB, ;Nkc :'rsK, r[DtsK fBod/P, w[bKeD ns/ gqhfynktK bJh wkBe ns/ wkgdzv fBoXkos eoB/l
(i/) fNT{PB ch; ns/ j'o ch;K bJh fB:w ns/ fdPk fBod/P fBoXkos eoB/l
(e/) ;zpzXs J/iz;hnK Bkb ;bkj wPtok eoe/ BthnK seBheh ;z;EktK ns/ Bt/A e'o; iK gq'rokw P[o{ eoB bJh gqtkBrh d/Dhl
(n?Zb) seBheh f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu fe;/ th g/P/to ;z;Ek iK ;z;Ek B{z ukoNo rqKN d/ ;zpzX ftZu gqhfynktK dk nk:'iB eoB ns/ w?ApofPg ;oNhfce/N gqdkB eoB bJh fJ; dhnK PeshnK ns/ nfXekoK d/ ;zpzX ftZu e/Ado ;oeko B{z ;bkj d/Dh.
(n?Zw) seBheh ;z;EktK B{z y[d w[yfsnkoh d/D bJh wkBe fBoXkos eoB/l
(n?ZB) seBheh f;Zfynk dk tgkoheoB o'eD bJh ;ko/ io{oh edw u[ZeD/l
(U) ftfdnkoEhnK B{z dkybk d/D bJh seBheh ;z;EktK ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB tkbhnK :{Bhtof;NhnK B{z fdPk fBod/P gqdkB eoB/l
(ghH) fe;/ th seBheh ;z;Ek dk w[nkfJBk eoBk iK w[nkfJBk eoB dk ekoBl
(fe:{) nfij/ seBheh ;z;EktK d/ e'o;K, gq'rokwK bJh rqKN o'eDk iK pzd eoBk i' fe fBoXkos ;w/A d/ nzdo^nzdo e"A;b d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/ fBod/PK dh gkbDk eoB ftZu n;cb jB ns/ nfij/ j'o edw u[ZeD/ i' fe e"A;b d/ fBod/PK dh gkbBk :ehBh pDkT[D bJh io{oh jBl
(nko) e"A;b dhnK fIzw/tkohnK d/ gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb fBgNko/ B{z :ehBh pDkT[D bJh, w"i{dk ;zrmBK B{z wIp{s eoB bJh ns/ Bt/A ;zrmB ;Ekgs eoB bJh edw u[ZeD/ ns/ b'VK d/ nXko s/ g/P/to, seBheh ns/ ;jkfJe nwb/ dhnK n;kwhnK dh ouBk eoBkl
(n?Z;) tZy^tZy gZXo ns/ fe;w d/ seBheh f;Zfynk ftu e'o; gqdkB eoB tkbhnK
;z;EktK B{z rqKN b?D bJh fcN x'fPs eoBkl
(Nh) fe;/ th seBheh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB tkbh ;z;Ek B{z efwPB Bkb ;bkj wPtok eoe/ :{Bhtof;Nh wzfBnk ikDk x'fPs eoBkl
(:{) fJ; d[nkok fBoXkos ehs/ rJ/ fdPk fBod/PK, wkBeK ns/ wkgdzvK d/ nkXko s/
;w/A^;w/A s/ seBheh ;z;EktK dk w[bKeD eoB bJh okPNoh wkBsk p'ov dh ;EkgBk eoBh ns/ fJ;B{z iK e"A;b B{z, iK efwPB B{z iK j'o ndkfonK B{z, ;z;Ek iK gq'rokw B{z wkBsk gqdkB eoB iK wkBsk gqdkB Bk eoB pko/ f;ckoP eoBhl
(th) nfij/ j'o ekoi eoB/ i' fBXkos ehs/ j' ;ed/ jB.@
6H Gkos ;oeko, wB[Zyh ;o's ftek; wzsokbk(f;Zfynk ftGkr) d[nkok j/m nB[;ko, 11$07$1988 B{z fJZe nfX;{uBk ikoh ehsh rJh ;hL^
“ftZfdne :'rsktK bJh w[bKeD p'ov dh f;ckoPK s/, Gkos ;oeko B/ e/Ado ;oeko d/ nXhB n;kwhnK ns/ ;/tktK B{z o[Irko d/D d/ T[d/P Bkb, we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI
(fJzvhnk) d[nkok eotkJ/ rJ/ N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhnoI dh gqhfynk(Nh) d/ Gkr^1 ns/ Gkr^2 B{z ;N/N g"bhN?efBe s'A ehs/ rJ/ we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr d// fvgb'w/ d/ pokpo wkBsk fdZsh j?.@ gzikp ;oeko, f;Zfynk ftGkr d[nkok ikoh ehs/ rJ/ fgmnzeD fwsh 19$08$1988 d[nkok, fwsh 11$07$1988 dh nfX;{uBk ftZu doI :'rsktK B{z, gzikp ;oeko d/ nXhB n;kwhnK ns//
;/tktK dh Gosh d/ T[d/P bJh wkBsk gdkB ehsh ;h.
7H nghb eosk d/ fybkc e[M fPekfJsK dk fBgNkok eod/ j'J/, w?Apo ;eZso, J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH B/ fwsh 27$04$2000 B{zzzzzzz nkgD/ gZso okjhA Gkos ;oeko, f;Zfynk ftGkr, n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH B{z ;zp'fXs ehsk ns/ dZf;nk fe nghb eosk d[nkok nkgD/ gq'rokwK ftZu g/P ehs/ rJ/ gkmeqw ftZu pj[s ;kohnK ewhnK gkJhnK rJhnK ;B. pknd ftZu, j[D sZe nk:'fis gqhfynktK ftZu wkBsk fdZsh rJh ns/ nghb eosk d[nkok e/Ado ;oeko d/ nXhB o[Irko d/
T[d/PK bJh ikoh ehs/ rJ/ ;oNhfce/N n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH d[nkok nfX;{uBk fwsh 10$06$2002 d[nkok tkg; bJ/ rJ/. fJj nfGnk; fJZe T[Zu gZXoh ew/Nh d[nkok nghb eosk B{z fdZsh rJh
;[DtkJh s'A pknd ehsk frnk i' fe nghb eosk d[nkok N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhnfozr gqhfynktK d/
Gkr^1 ns/ 2 B{z fdZsh rJh wkBsk dh ;whfynk eoB bJh fB:[es ehsh rJh ;h ns/ nfX;{uBk dk ;zpzXs fjZ;k fJj ;hL^
“ftZfdne :'rsktK dh wkBsk bJh T[Zu gZXoh ew/Nh B/ wkD:'r jkJh e'oN fdZbh d[nkok fJz;NhfNT[N nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI(fJzvhnk) w[zpJh Bkb ;zpzXs f;tb foN gNhPB Bzpo 3570$2001 ns/ n?bHghHJ/H Bzpo 49^50$2002 ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ fBod/PK d/ ;Bw[y, fJ;dh ftP/P whfNzr ftZu, e/Ado ;oeko d/ nXhB o[Irko d/
T[d/P bJh, fJz;NhfNT[PB nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI (fJzvhnk) w[zpJh dh
N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhnoI dh gqhfynk d/ Gkr^I ns/ II B{z fdZsh wkBsk dh ;whfynk ehsh.
2H fJz;NhfNT[PB nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI (fJzvhnk), w[zpJh B{z fBogZy
;[DtkJh d/D s'A pknd, T[Zu gZXoh ew/Nh B/ j/m fdZs/ c?;b/ bJ/L^
(i) e/Ado ;oeko d/ nXhB o[Irko d/ T[d/PK bJh, fJz;NhfNT[PB nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI(fJzvhnk), w[zpJh dh n?;';hJ/fNv w?ApofPg gqhfynk d/ ;?ePB J/ ns/ ph ns/ N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhnoI gqhfynk d/ Gkr^I ns/ II dh wkBsk s[ozs gqGkt Bkb tkg; bJh iKdh j?.
(ii) wkBsk tkg; b?Dk ;zGkts s"o s/ gqGktPkbh oj/rk, noEks fijV/ ftfdnkoEh gfjbK jh nkJhHn?wHJhH(fJzvhnk) w[zpJh s'A ;?ePB J/ ns/ ;?ePB ph ns/
Gkr^I ns/ II bJh ;BwkfBs ehs/ ik u[Ze/ jB, T[j e/Ado ;oeko ftZu o[Irko bJh :'r ofjDr/.
(iii) T[Zu gZXoh ew/Nh d[nkok rfms ehs/ rJ/ rZo[g d[nkok, gkmeqw, gqhfynk gqDkbh, gqhfyneK dh fB:[esh ns/ :'rsk gqfefonk ns/ j'o ;zpzXs wkwfbnK ftZu ;zP'XB ns/ ngrq/v/PB d/ ;zpzX ftZu do;kJhnK rJhnK ewhnK B{z d{o eoB s'A pknd, nkJhHn?wHJh(fJzvhnk), w[zpJh, e/Ado ;oeko ftZu o[Irko d/
T[d/P bJh fdZs/ rJ/ ntkovK dh wkBsk bJh, wB[Zyh ;o's ns/ ftek; wzsokb/
Bkb ;zgoe eoB bJh ;[szso j?.@
8H nghb eosk B/ T[es nfX;{uBk fwsh 10$06$2002 B{z, fdZbh jkJh e'oN ftZu f;tb foN gNhPB Bzpo^ 3907$2002 dkfJo eoe/ u[D"sh fdZsh, fi; d[nkok fJ; d/ fwsh 24$06$2002 d/ j[ew d[nkok P[o{ ftZu T[es nfX;{uBk d/ ;zukbB s/ o'e brk fdZsh ;h. jkbKfe, T[es foN gNhPB B{z f;zrb iZi d[nkok 07$07$2003 B{z ykoi eo fdZsk frnk. fJ; ftZu'A T[sgzB j'Jh b?No; g/N?AN nghb (LPA) Bzpo 584$2003 dk fvthIB p?Au d[nkok j[ew fwsh 09$03$2004 d[nkok j/m fdZs/ fBohyDk Bkb fBgNkok ehsk frnkL^
“nghb eosk wkD:'r f;zrb iZi d/ j[ew fwsh 07$07$2003 s'A fBokP j? fi; okjhA foN gNhPB ykoi j' rJh ;h. fJ; nghb ftZu S'Nh fPekfJs fJj j? fe nghb eosk dh wkBsk, e/Ado ;oeko d/ nXhB o[Irko d/ T[d/P bJh, 10$06$2002 dh nfX;{uBk d[nkok tkg; b? bJh rJh ;h ns/ n;b ftZu nfX;{uBk ftZu jh fJj dZf;nk frnk j? fe T[Zu gZXoh ew/Nh d[nkok rfms ehs/ ro[Zg d[nkok do;kJ/ rJ/ gkmeqw, gqhfynk gqDkbh, gqhfynkekoK dh fB:[esh gqfefonk ns/ :'rsk ns/ j'o
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2002 ftZu, fJBQK e'o;K dh wkBsk b?Ad/ j'J/, Gkos ;oeko B/ nkJhHn?wHJh(fJzvhnk), w[zpJh B{z, T[BQK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ fvgb'wk$fvroh e'o;K dh wkBsk bJh, J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh d[nkok do;kJhnK rJhnK ewhnK B{z d{o eoB s'A pknd, fJ; wzsokb/ B{z gj[zu eoB dh wzi{oh fdZsh. fJ; nB[;ko, T[go'es fJz;NhfNT[N B/ fJ; ftGkr bJh ;whfynk eoB ns/ ftukoB bJh p/Bsh ;w/s b'VhAdh ;wZroh g/P ehsh. fJ; ftGkr B/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok ;wZroh dh d[pkok iKu eotkJh.
J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh B/ nkgDh wkjo ew/Nh d[nkok d't/A e'o;K dh w[V gVskb ehsh ns/ d't/A e'o;K d/ f;b/p; ftZu ;[XkJh Bkb nkgDhnK f;|koPK g/P ehshnK. ftZfdne :'rsk dh wkBsk bJh T[Zu gZXoh ew/Nh B/ fJ;dh 16$10$2006 B{z j'Jh whfNzr ftZu wkwb/ B{z ftukfonk ns/ fJ;dh f;|koP s/ Gkos ;oeko B/ j/m nB[;ko c?;bk fbnk j?L^
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10 ;kb 2008 ftZu, b'e fjZs ftu, jkJh e'oN ftZu foZN gNhPB(f;tb) Bzpo 1640$2008
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207H foZN gNhPB Bzpo 12502$2004 NkJhNb “s/fizzzzdo f;zx pBkw gzikp oki fpibh p'ov ns/ j'o ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ c?;b/ fwsh 02$04$2007 ftZu fJz;NhfNT[N nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI (fJzvhnk) w[zpJh d[nkok gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK
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;z;Ek s'A :'rsk gk; T[whdtko B{z ekB{zB d/ sfjs ;Ekgs fJz;NhfNT[N nk| fJzihBhnoI d/ w?Apo d/ pokpo BjhA fejk ik ;edk j?.
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;oeko B/ c?;bk ehsk fe nkJhHn?wHJh(fJzvhnk), w[zpJh, J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh d[nkok
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JUDGMENT

4 B{z j/m fby/ gqGkt nB[;ko;[fus ehsk j?L^ “we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI dh fvroh d/ pokpo, n?;';hJ/N w?ApofPg e'o; d/;?ePB^I ns/ II ns/;N/N gkbhN?efBe s'A gk; we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr d/ fvgb'w/ d/ pokpo N?eBhPhnB fJzihBhnoI (Nh) d/ Gkr^I ns/ II d/;zpzX ftZu, fJ; wzsokb/ dh nfX;{uBk Bzpo 23^2$2001^NhHn?;H111 fwsh 24$11$2006 d/y'. fJj c?;bk fbnk frnk j? fe gkmeqw dh;whfynk, gq'rokw dh;g[odrh dk Yzr, fJ; dh fwnkd nfd;zpzXs o?r{b/No d[nkok ehsk ikt/rk ns/ id'A sZe nfijh;whfynk g{oh BjhA j[zdh, T[d'A sZe;EkJh wkBsk tkbhnK;z;EktK Bt/A dkyb/ BjhA eoBrhnK. ftebge s"o s/,;z;Ek e'b fJ; d/ gkmeqw, B?PBb t'e/PBb n?i{e/PBb e[nkbhfce/PB co/wtoe (n?BHthHJhHe:{Hn?cH) Bkb g[Borfms eoB ns/ nZr/ tZXD dk jZe j?. @ 211H nfij/;zuko d/;zpzX ftZu, o/r{b/No d[nkok;whfynk g{oh j'D sZe, i' fe T[Zsotkdh Bzpo 4 d/ wkwb/ ftZu J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH j'J/rh,;EkJh wkBsk tkbhnK;z;EktK s/ dkyb/ eoB s/ o'e brkJh rJh j?. fJZE/ e'Jh d;skt/I g/P BjhA ehsk frnk iK e'Jh dbhb BjhA fdZsh rJh fe T[Zsotkdh Bzpo 4 e'b fe;/ e"A;b iK p'ov gk;'A;EkJh wkBsk gqkgs ehsh rJh j?. fJ; bJh, T[Zsotkdh Bzpo 4 d[nkok gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK fvrohnK iK w?ApofPg B{z fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh d/ pokpo BjhA wzfBnk ik;edk. 212H fJZE'A sZe fe nfX;{uBk fwsh 26$11$2006 d/ w[skpe, ftfdnkoEh fit/A fe T[Zsotkdh Bzpo 5 i' fe 10$06$2002 s'A gfjbK ofi;Nov;B, B{z d;zpo 2006 ftZu j'D tkbh nrbh sfj ehsh gqhfynk sZe, gfjbK;'X/ f;b/p; Bkb g{ok e'o; g{ok eoB dh wzi{oh fdZsh rJh j? ns/ fijV/ ftfdnkoEh T[;;w/A sZe nkgD/ e'o; g{o/ BjhA eod/, T[jBK B{z;'X/ j'J/ f;b/p; Bkb e'o; g{ok eoBk gt/rk. fit/A fe T[Zsotkdh Bzpo 5 B/ nfX;{uBk fwsh 24$11$2006 d/ w[skpe, nkgDk e'o; g{ok BjhA ehsk j?, T[j soZeh bJh fvroh Xkoe j'D dk dktk BjhA eo;edk j?. n;hA efj;ed/ jK fe nfijh nfX;{uBk B{z Gkos;oeko d[nkok o[Irko d/ T[d/P bJh wkBsk gqkgs:'rsk BjhA wzfBnk ik;edk. fJ; soQK n;hA d/fynk j? fe T[Zsotkdh Bzpo 5 fJj dktk eoB bJh:'r BjhA j? fe nfijk;oNhfce/N fvroh d/ pokpo j?. 213H T[go'es d/ wZd/BIo, foZN gNhPB Bzpo^12909$2009 wzi{o ehsh iKdh j? ns/ foZN gNhPB Bzpo 9200$2012 fi; ftZu fJz;NhfNT[N nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI(fJzvhnk), w[zpJh s'A gqkgs ftZfdne:'rsk B{z fvroh d/ pokpo wzBD bJh dktk ehsk frnk j?, B{z ykoi ehsk iKdk j?. 13H 06$12$2012 B{z, nkgD/ fgSb/;zuko fwsh 10$07$2012 ftZu;'X eod/ j'J/, e/Ado;oeko d[nkok fJZe nfX;{uBk ikoh ehsh rJh, fi;dk;zpzXs Gkr j/m nB[;ko;hL^ "i. e/Ado;oeko ftZu B"eohnK bJh pokposk bJh;EkJh wkBsk tkb/ wkwfbnK;zpzXh T[Zgo fdZsk j[ew fwsh 10$07$2012 tkg; fbnk iKdk j?. ii. 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J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH ns/ n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH B{z B'fN; ikoh ehs/ rJ/. wkD:'r n?whe; e[oJh (Amicus Curiae) B/ e'oN ftZu 11$10$2018 ns/ 05$12$2018 B{z whw'A 1 ns/ 2 g/P ehs/. n;hA Pqh;hHJ/H;[zdow, wkD:'r n?whe; e[oJh (Amicus Curiae) i' fe nghb eosk d/ wkD:'r;hBhno tehb j? s'A fJbktk Pqh Xq{t wfjsk, oki tZb'A g/P j'J/ wkD:'r tehb Pqh eoB Gkoj'e/, n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH dh soc'A g/P j'J/ wkD:'r tehb Pqh nihs e[wko f;Bjk ns/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH tZb'A g/P j'J/ wkD:'r tehb Pqh johP gKv/ B{z;[fDnk j?. 24H wkD:'r tehb n?whe; e[oJh (Amicus Curiae) d/ w[skpe, w"i{dk e/; T[Vh;k fb|N fJohr/PB ekog'o/PB(;[gok) ftZu fJ; e'oN d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/ c?;b/ Bkb g{oh soQK eto j[zdh j?. T[jBK B/ fejk fe nghb eosk d[nkok fbnk frnk;N/Av fJj;h fe Bk sK nghb eosk d[nkok e'Jh f;Zfynk gqdkB ehsh iKdh j? Bk jh T[jBK e'b e'Jh p[fBnkdh YKuk;h. nghb eosk d[nkok fdZsh rJh fbys p/Bsh d/ j/m fby/ Gkr T[Zgo:ehB ehsk frnkL^ “ fJj fe fJz;NhfNT[PB nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI(fJzvhnk), w[zpJh fJZe r?o^w[Bkck;zrmB j? i' fe fJZe ofi;Nov;[;kfJNh j?. fJj e'Jh rqKN^fJB^J/v iK j'o fe;/ soQK d/ czv e/Ado iK oki;oeko iK fJ;dh fe;/ th y[d w[yfsnkoh iK ftXkfBe;z;Ek e'b' fe;/ th BK s/ gqkgs BjhA eodh. fJj fJZe nfXnkgB;z;Ek BjhA j? ns/ Bk jh ed/ ojh j?. fJj fJZe g/P/to;z;Ek j? i' f;o| ftP/P fJzihBhnfozr nB[Pk;B^we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr ftZu gqhfynktK eotkT[Adh j? ns/ fJ;d/ w?ApoK B{z;oNhfce/N fdzdh j?. fJz;NhfNT[PB nk| we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI (fJzvhnk), w[zpJh d[nkok xZN s'A xZN io{oh p[fBnkdh n?e;g'io d/ Bkb, fJzihBhnfozr ns/ N?eBkbkih ftZu gqhfynk eotkT[D dk sohek j/m nB[;ko dZf;nk frnk j?L^ i) fJz;NhfNT[PB nkc we?Bheb fJzihBhnoI (fJzvhnk), w[zpJh dnkok f;ZX/ s"o s/ e'Jh f;ybkJh BjhA fdZsh iKdh, feT[Afe fJ; d[nkok f;o| ftP/P e'o; gkmeqw (fET{oh ns/ gq?eNheb d't/A);[MkJ/ iKd/ jB. ii) fJj p'ov$:{Bhtof;Nh, fvgb'wk iK fvroh Bkb pokposk ehs/ fpBK f;oc fJZe:'rsk gqhfynk j? feT[Afe fJ; d[nkok gqdkB ehs/ rJ/;oNhfce/N T[whdtkoK B{z f;o|;/tk ftu g[PNh eoB s/ T[jBK d/;zpzXs ftGkrK ftZu soZeh bJh:'r pDkT[Ad/ jB. iii) gqhfynk eosk fBZih s"o s/ e'o; w?Nhohnb dk nfXn?B eod/ jB ns/ B"eoh ftZu nkgDhnk;zpzXs fJekJhnK iK T[jBK d/ nkgD/ oki$:{HNhH f;ybkJh;z;EktK ftZu gq?eNheb siopk ns/ f;ybkJh gqkgs eod/ jB.@ wkD:'r n?whe; e[oJh (Amicus Curiae) B/ nZr/ fejk fe jkbKfe nghb eosk d[nkok fdZs/ ikD tkb/;oNhfce/NK dk e'Jh fB:ws YKuk BjhA;h, go;w/A d/ phsD Bkb n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH B/ gZek;N/Av fbnk. nzs ftZu c?;bk fbnk frnk i' fe nr;s 2017 B{z ikoh gpfbe B'fN; d[nkok dZf;nk frnk;h fe nfij/;ko/;oNhfce/N i' fe 2013 s'A gfjbK ikoh ehs/;B, B{z wkBsk fdZsh ikJ/rh. jkbKfe 2013 s'A pknd fdZs/ ikD tkb/;oNhfce/NK dh t?Xsk B{z o'e fdZsk frnk;h ns/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH B{z fJ; wkwb/ B{z ftukoB dh b'V;h. foekov s/ nkJh sZEK dh o'PBh ftZu, wkD:'r n?whe; e[oJh (Amicus Curiae) d/ w[skpe, fJ; e'oN bJh ftukoB tk;s/ j/m fdZs/ gqPB g?dk j[zd/ jBL^ “1H eh fpBK fe;/ e'o; iK f;ybkJh s'A f;oc fJZe gqwkfDesk B{z;oekoh o[Irko d/ T[d/P bJh seBheh f;Zfynk d/ e'o; d/ nB[;ko gqkgs fvroh$fvgb'wk d/ pokpo wzfBnk ik;edk j?. 2H eh, i/eo gqtkBrh:'r j?, sK nfij/;oNhfce/N B{z wkBsk d/D s'A gfjbK J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH dh gqtkBrh ns/ wkgdzv fBPus eoB dh io{os BjhA j[zdh < 25H nghbeosk d/ wkD:'r;hBhno tehb Pqh Xq{t wfjsk B/ Gkos;oeko d[nkok;w/A;w/A s/ ikoh ehs/;zukoK, yk; s"o s/ 26$05$1976, 06$10$1981, 11$07$1988 ns/ 24$11$2006 B{z ehs/ rJ/;zuko fi; ftZu nghb eosk d[nkok ikoh ehs/;oNhfce/NK B{z T[Zu nj[fdnK ns/;/tktK bJh Gosh d/ T[d/P Bkb, Gkosh:{Bhtof;Nh s'A gqkgs we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh d/ pokpo wkBsk fdZsh j?, d/ T[Zgo Go';k ehsk. fJj fejk frnk fe;zuko fwsh 10$07$2012 d/;Bw[Zy ehsk frnk nfGnk; ns/ nr;s 2017 ftZu ikoh gpfbe B'fN; B/ wkwb/ B{z, fiZE'A sZe fe 2013 s'A gfjbk ikoh ehs/;oNhfce/NK dk;zpzX j?, PZe s'A go/ oZfynk ns/ fiZE'A sZe pknd d/;w/A dk;zpzX j?, wkwbk ni/ th;zpzXs nfXekohnK dk fXnkB fyZu fojk;h. fJjBK jkbsK ftZu, fJj fejk frnk fe jkJh e'oN fJj d/yD ftZu, T[fus BjhA;h fe nghb eosk d[nkok gqdkB ehs/ rJ/ w?ApofPg;oNhfce/NK B{z fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh d/ pokpo BjhA wzfBnk ik;edk ns/ fJ; bJh nghbeosk d[nkok soihj fdZsh f;tb nghb Bzpo 17922$2017 B{z wzI{o ehsk ikt/. 26H wkD:'r;hBhno tehb^PqhwkB wfjsk B/ foekov s/ fJZe;zrqfj “fJz;NhfNT[PB nkJhHn?wHJhH(fJzvhnk) d[nkok tZy^tZy gq'rokwK bJh gkbDk ehs/ ikD tkbh ftXh, wkBe ns/ gkmeqw@ (“Methodology, Norms and the Curriculum that are followed for various programs conducted by the Institution IME(India).@) ( T[es;zrqfj s'A bJ/ rJ/ j/m fby/ nzP ekch Y[et/A jBL^ “gqhfynktK ew/Nh d/ ekoiL gqhfynktK ew/Nh d/ ekoiL gqhfynktK ew/Nh d/ ekoiL gqhfynktK ew/Nh d/ ekoiL nkJhHn?wHJhH dhnK gqhfynktK, gqhfynk ew/Nh dh d/y o/y ns/ gqhfynktK d/ fB:zsoDeosk d[nkok eotkJhnK iKdhnK jB. e"A;b d[nkok nekdfwe fB:wK B{z fsnko eoB,;bkjekoK iK ftPk wkjo ew/Nh dh;bkj Bkb f;b/p;K ftZu;'X eoBh, gqhfynktK d/ nk:'iB dh;whfynk eoBh, BshfinK dh x'PDk eoBk ns/ gqhfynktK Bkb;zpzXs j'o d{;o/ c?;b/ eoB bJh gqhfynk ew/Nh fB:[es ehsh iKdh j?. gqhfynk ew/Nh dh whfNzr;kb ftZu xZN' xZN 5$6 tko ehsh iKdh j?. nkJhHn?wHJhHgqhfynktKL;z;Ek fJZe;kb ftZu d' tko nkJhHn?wHJhH dhnK gqhfynktK eotkT[Adh j?. gqhfynktK i{B ns/ d;zpo d/ wjhB/ ftZu bJhnK iKdhnK jB. nekdfwe io{os dh;cbsk g{ote g{osh j'D s/, ftfdnkoEh B{z Nh Jh II iK;?ePB ph (we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr d/ fvgb'wk iK fvroh d/ pokpo) ftZu gk; x'fPs ehsk iKdk j?. fJj e'o; yk; s"o s/ T[jBK ftneshnK bJh Y[et/A jB i' fe;/tk ekb ftZu jB ns/ T[jBK e'b e'Jh;o's (g?;k ns/;wK) BjhA jB fi; okjhA T[j g{o/;w/A bJh ftfdnkoEhnK ti'A dkybk BjhA b?;ed/ ns/ T[jBK bJh jB i' fe T[wo;zpzXh o'e ekoB fB:ws gVkJh e'o;K ftZu dkybk BjhA b?;ed/. nkJhHn?wHJhH:'rsk gk; eoB s'A pknd, T[j;oekoh, iBse ns/ fBZih y/soK ftZu o[irko dh wzr eo;ed/ jB ns/ Gkos ns/ ftd/P ftZu T[Zu f;Zfynk;z;Ek ftZu dkybk b?D bJh r/N (GATE) dh gqhfynk ftZu dkyb j';ed/ jB. e"A;b B/ nekdfwe rshftfXnK, f;b/p;K dh;'X,;feqgNK dk w[bKeD, ftjkoe f;ybkJh dh d/y^o/y ns/ nekdfwe ekoiK nkfd bJh wkjoK d/ BK;[MkT[D bJh nekdfwek ns/ T[Zx/ T[ZdwhnK B{z;bkjeko ti'A fB:[es ehsk j?. gqhfynktK ftZu dkyb/ bJh:'rskL^;z;Ek dh fe;/ th gqhfynk ftZu dkybk b?D$nkT[D dh fJikIs f;oc;z;Ek d/ ftfdnkoEh w?ApoK B{z jh j?. we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr(phHJhH$phHN?eHfvroh d/ pokpo) ftZu;?ePB phL nkJhHn?wHJhH we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr dh;?ePB^J/ ns/;?ePB^ph gqhfynktK dk nk:'iB eo fojk j? 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T[whdtkoK B{z;z;Ek dh t/p;kJhN okjhA th fe;/ nfij/ ftnesh iK;z;Ek iK e'fuzr;?ANo pko/ ikro{e j'D dh;bkj fdZsh iKdh j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk, ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fB:ws s"o s/ fJj th;bkj fdZsh iKdh j? fe e'fuzr;z;EktK d[nkok w?ApofPg$gqhfynk$dkybk ckow g/P eoBk BK sK Io{oh j? ns/ Bk jh b'VhAdk j? ns/ Bk jh bkIwh j?.@ “ ft ft ft ftZZZZf f f fdne rshftXhnK dne rshftXhnK g/P/to rshftXhnKL^;z;Ek nkgD/ w?ApoK d/ bkG bJh fB:fws s"o s/ seBheh GkPD whfNzrK, f;zg';hnk,;?whBkoK ns/ toePkgK, fJzN?Af;t fNT{N'fo:b ns/ toePkg d"o/ dk nk:'iB eodh j?.;z;Ek B/ fJzihBhnfozr, ftfrnkB ns/ seBkb'ih d/ ftPkb y/soK ftZu T[Zx/ fJzihBhnoK d/:'rdkB B{z;BwkfBs eoB bJh tZy^tZy r'bv ns/ f;bto fJBkw ikoh ehs/ jB.;z;Ek B/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh o{uh d/ ftfPnK s/ e'o;K dh;wZroh ns/ fJzihBhnfozr p[b/fNB$fBT{Ib?No s/ pj[s;ko/ w'B'rqkw B{z gqekPs ehsk j?. r?o^o;wh ftfXne gq'rokwL^;z;Ek r?o^o;wh ftfXne gq'rokw d/;zrmB bJh fB:ws o{g ftZu;zrfms iK;fj:'r eodh j?. fgSb/;kbK d"okB, nkJhHn?wHnkJh B/ fJ; soQK dhnK rshftXhnK T[;wkfBnk:{Bhtof;Nh, eZkb/i nkc N?eB'bih ns/ fJziBhnfozr, wjkokBk gqskg:{Bhtof;Nh nkc n?rohebuo ns/ N?eB'bih, Pqh BkE ih fJz;NhfuT{N nkZc N?eB'bih ns/ fJziBhnfozr,Bkydtkok nkfd d/;fj:'r Bkb;zrfms ehsh j?.;z;Ek d[nkok fJZe ezg:{No gq:'rPkbk;Ekgs ehsh rJh j?, i' fe;kb 1990^2005 d/;kbK d"okB T[jBK ftfdnkoEhnK bJh y[Zbk oZfynk frnk j?, fijBK B{z ezg:{No pko/ ikDekoh BjhA, s/ T[jBK B{z ezfgT{N/PB seBheK, gq'rqkfwzr ns/ vkNk gq';?f;zr f;ZyD d/:'r pDkT[D bJh.@ 27H Pqh nihs e[wko f;Bjk, n?wHn?uHnkoHvh d/;hBhno tehb B/ fJ; wkwb/ d/ j/m fbZy/ gfjb{nK T[Zs/ I'o fdZsk j?L^ 1H e'Jh o;wh f;Zfynk iK fET{oh d/ o{g ftZu iK gq?eNheb nghbeosk d[nkok BjhA fdZs/ ik oj/;h. 2H fit/A fe wkjo;z;EktK d[nkok gkfJnk frnk j?, gkmeqw ftZu nzso;hl 3H wzfBnk fe, nghbeosk e'b e'Jh gq?eNheb N/qfBzr d/D bJh e'Jh p[fBnkdh YKuk ns/ gq':'rPkbktK BjhA;B. 28H Pqh johP gKv/, J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH bJh g/P j'J/ tehb fJ; ndkbs dk fXnkB bzfps wkwfbnK fit/A fe foZN gNhPB BzH 7840 of 2014 jkJh e'oN, fdZbh ftZu n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH d[nkok bJ/ rJ/;N?Av tZb dtKT[d/ jB. jbcBkw/ ftZu fdZs/;N?Av dk gqGkt j/m nB[;ko;hL^ “15 fJj fejk iKdk j? fe wkB:'r;[gohw e'oN nkc fJzvhnk B/ f;tb nghb BzH 17869^17870$2017 T[Vh;k fbcN fJohr/PB ekogH fbwfNv pBkw oph;zeo gsokT[ ns/ j'o ftZu nkgD/ c?;b/ ftZu fJj B'N ehsk j? fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh B/ jw/Pk fJj ekfJw oZfynk j? fe fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh gqkgs eoB tkb/ e'o; d{o;E f;fynk gqDkbh d/ d[nkok BjhA ehs/ ik;ed/, HHHHHHH w"i{dk wzst bJh, fJj nzsw Ppd j? ns/ gkpzd j?. wkB:'r;[gohw e'oN T[go'es iZiw?AN d/ g?ok 38 s/ fJj th d/fynk j? feL^ “fJzihBhnfozr fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvrohnK gqkgs eoB tkbh f;Zfynk ftZu fET{oh d/ Bkb^Bkb gq?eNheb d/ gkm th j[zd/ jB. gq?eNheb nfijh f;Zfynk dk nkXko pDkdhnK jB i' fe gqdoPBekoh iK b?euokoK dh fBrokBh j/m fET[ pDkdhnK jB i' fe gqdoPBekoh iK b?euokoK dh fBrokBh j/m fET[oh ftZu oh ftZu oh ftZu oh ftZu gVQkJ/ rJ/ f;XKsK dh n; gVQkJ/ rJ/ f;XKsK dh n;b b tos'A ftZu nk;kBh Bkb Pkwb j[zd/ jB. fET[oh ebk;K ftZu frnkB gqdkB eoBk, gq ebk;K ftZu frnkB gqdkB eoBk, gq?eNheb ?eNheb ebk;K ftZu j'o wIp{s ehsk ikDk j?. fJ; soQK gq?eNheb seBheh f;Zfynk gqDkbh dk fJZe nfBZyVtK nzr jB.@ 16H id'A fe fJBQK g/P/to;z;EktK d[nkok fi; fvroh$fvgb'wk bJh e'o; fdZs/ iKd/ jB, T[j d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh s/ BjhA j[zd/, go J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d/ nzso ftPb/PD dhnK y'iK d/ wZd/BIo, fJj d/fynk iKdk j? fe fJjBK g/P/to;z;EktK d[nkok eotkJ/ iKd/ e'o;K dh r[DtZsk UgB ns/ fv;N?A; bofBzr fJz;NhfuT{N d[nkok eotkJ/ rJ/ e'o;K d/ w[ekpb/ th wkVh j?l feT[Afe fJzihBhnfozr fJZe T[j ftPk j?, fi; bJh rfjB g?qeNheb ns/ toePkg dh N/qfBzr dh b'V j[zdh j? ns/ fJj g/P/to;z;EktK T[;/ gfjb{ s/;wM"sk eodhnK jB, fJBQK;z;EktK d[nkok eotkJ/ rJ/ e'o;K B{z pokposk gqdkB eoB Bkb Bk f;oc f;Zfynk d/ fwnko ftZu;wM'sk j[zdk j? pbfe ftfdnkoEhnK$fjZ;k b?D tkb/ d/ GftZy s/ th p[ok gqGkt g?Adk j?. 17H fJj g/P ehsk iKdk j? fe gfjbK pj[s;ko/ fJzihBhnfozr ekbi;B ns/ fJzihBhnfozr f;Zfynk d/ gq;ko B{z tXkT[D dh Io{os;h ns/ fJ; bJh fJjBK g/P/to;z;EktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ e'o;K B{z n?wHn?uHnkoHvh d[nkok pokposk fdZsh rJh;h. fJ;;w/A d/P ftZu fJzihBhnfozr f;Zfynk dh tX/o/;wZoEk g?dk ehsh rJh j? ns/ jo;kb brGr 50#;hNK ykbh ofjzdhnK jB. fJE'A sZe fe e[M fJzihBhnfozr ekbi th ekch dkyb/ dh xkN ekoB pzd j' oj/ jB. fJ; bJh pokposk d/Dk ikoh oZyD dh Io{os BjhA j?, feT[Afe fJj fJZe gqDkbh pDkT[Adk j?, fiZE/ f;Zfynk dh r[DtZsk B{z:ehBh BjhA pDkfJnk iKdk ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ GftZy s/ wkVk gqGkt g?Adk j?. 18 fJ; bJh wB[Zyh;o's ftek; wzsokb/ dk ftuko j? fe ftfdnkoEhnK d/ GftZy ns/ f;Zfynk dh r[DtZsk dh;zGkb d/ fjZs ftZu, fJj bkIwh j? fe fJBQK g/P/to;z;EktK d[nkok ubkJ/ iKd/ e'o;K B{z j'o pokposk Bk fdZsh ikt/. 29H jkbKfe,;[DtkJh dk f;ZNk fBeb u[Zek;h, foZN gNhPB BzL^7840 of 2014 ftZu dkfJo jbcBkw/ ftZu;kjwD/ nkJ/;N?Av d/ wZd/BIo, nghbeosk B{z fJ; jbcBkw/ dk itkp d/D bJh w"ek fdZsk frnk. fJj nghbeosk d[nkok j/m fby/ itkp nB[;ko g/P ehsk frnk j?L^ “(n?B) fJj g/P ehsk iKdk j? fe n?wHn?uHnkoHvh d[nkok 19H02H19 d/ nkd/PK nB[;ko dkfJo ehs/ rJ/ jbcBkw/ B{z j/m fbyhnK ekoBK eoe/ ftukfonk BjhA ikDk ukjhdkL^ ^ fpBK fe;/ c?;b/$fwBzN B{z i'V/ iK jtkb/ d/ iK n?wHn?uHnkoHvh d/ c?;b/ d/ jbcBkw/ ftZu e[ZM th BjhA, go fJZe f;ZXk dkntk j?. fJj ftP/P s"o s/ wjZstg{oB j? feT[Afe fJZe j'o nXhB;eZso d[nkok fJ; ndkbs d/;kjwD/ n?wHn?uHnkoHvh d[nkok dkfJo ehsk jbcBkwk g{oh soQK T[bN j?. ^ fJ;;zpzX ftZu f;oc fJZe nkovo$c?;bk$B'Nhfce/PB jh fJZe nfX;{uBk ftukoh iKdh j? i' fe wkBsk gqdkB eodh j?, i' t?X ofjzdh j?. ekB{zB d[nkok;Ekgs ehs/ gqfefonk s'A pknd j[ew gk; ehs/ fpBK T[bN BjhA ehsh ik;edh. ^ ekoigqDkbh iK wjZstg{oB gqfefonk dk gkbD ehs/ ikD dk e'Jh;ze/s BjhA fwbdk. ^ fJj;gPN j? fe gNhPB eosk fto[ZX nzso d/ ftPb/PD dhnK e'Jh y'iK BjhA jB. ^ fJZE/ fpB?^gZso d/D tkb/ d/ eko'pko B{z ikoh oZyD d/ wjZstg{oD p[fBnkdh nfXeko B{z ekB{zB dh;jh gqfefonk dh gkbDk ehs/ pr?o tKMk BjhA ehsk ik;edk. ^ fJ;;fEsh ftZu n?w n?u nko vh gNhPBo dh wkBsk tkg; b? b?Adk j?, gNhPBeosk e'b fJ; B{z u[D"sh d/D dk nfXeko ns/ fJZe w"ek j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ^ fJ;;zpzX ftZu e/; wkB:'r jkJh e'oN d/;kjwD/ ftuko nXhB j? ns/ fJ; ehwsh ekB{zB d/ nfXeko;w/s nghb dk nfXeko th BjhA y'fjnk ik;edk.@ 30H P[o{nks ftZu, fJj dZ;Dk bkIwh j? fe nghbeosk d[nkok soihj fdZsh rJh f;tb nghb BzL 17922 of 2017 dk fBgNkok ndkbs d[nkok 03H11H2017 eo fdZsk frnk. nghbeosk d[nkok T[; tes e'Jh p/BshnK g/P BjhA ehshnK rJhnK;B, id'A fJ; ndkbs d[nkok wkwb/ d/ g{o/;w{j dh;[DtkJh ehsh iKdh;h ns/ ftukfonk iKdk;h.;kv/ ftuko ftZu, fJ; ndkbs dk ofi;Noko nghbeosk d[nkok soihj fdZsh rJh;gPNheoB ns/;'X bJh noIh doi eoB s'A fJBeko eoB ftZu;jh;h. jkbKfe, feT[Afe foekov ftZu;gZPN s"o s/ fJj;ze/s BjhA ehsk frnk;h fe nghbeosk B{z;[DB s'A pknd foftT[ noIh jkJh e'oN d[nkok wBI{o ehsh rJh;h, fJ; bJh fBnK d/ fjZs ftZu, nghbeosk B{z;kohnK p/BshnK w?foN s/ T[mkT[D dh nkfrnk fdZsh rJh;h ns/ j[D n;hA g{o/ wkwb/ s/ ftuko eoB bJh nZr/ tZXd/ jK. 31H fJ; d/ nkgD/ gqdoPB s/ “nghbeosk e'Jh f;Zfynk BjhA fdzdk pbfe f;oc d';kbk gqhfynktK ns/ g[o;eko gqwkD gZsoK dk nk:'iB eodk j?.@ fJ; s'A fJbktk g?ok 26 ftZu fIeo ehsh rJh fJj;zebg;fEsh fJj th;gZPN eo fdzdh j? fe nghbeosk gqhfynktK ftZu nkT[D tkb/ T[whdtkoK dh wdd eoB bJh e'Jh e'fuzr ebk;K iK;EkBe;?ANoK B{z wkBsk, fJIkIs BjhA fdzdk iK eotkT[Adk BjhA j?. 32H T[Vh;k fbcN f;zukJh fBrw, e/; ftZu fJ; T[es c?;b/ d/ g?oQk 45 ftZu d' gqPB ftuko bJh;B ns/ T[jBK d'tK ftu'A gfjb/ gqPB j/m fby/ nB[;ko;B. “TH Gkt/A w"i{dk e/; Bkb;zpzXs wzBh ikD tkbh:{Bhtof;Nh fJziBhnfozr ftZu fvrohnK gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftfPnK ftZu d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok e'o; P[o{ eo;edhnK jBL^ (1) d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok seBheh f;Zfynk ftZu nfij/ e'o;; fpBK fe;/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok sfj ehs/ wkgdzv iK fdPk fBod/P fdZs/ fpzBK eoBk. (2) J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh n?eN sfjs fpBK fe;/ gqtkBrh d/<@ c?;b/ d/ g?ok 46 ns/ 48 ftZu, fJ;;zpzXh ftuko tNKdo/;BL^ “ 46H J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh n?eN d/;?ePB 2(ih) ftZu “seBheh f;Zfynk@ dh gfoGkPk do;kT[Adh j? fe f;ybkJh d/ gq'rokwK, y'i ns/ fJzihBhnfozr N?eB'b'ih ftZu f;Zfynk s/ nkw s"o s/ I'o fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj ftuko T[BQK;z;EktK sZe;hfws BjhA j[zdk fiZE/ f;Zfynk, y'i ns/ f;ybkJh d/ nfij/ gq'rokwK dk nk:'iB ehsk iK fdZsk iKdk j?. jkbKfe, Xkok 2(n?u) ftZu “seBheh;z;Ek@ dh gfoGkPk fJZe;z;Ek B{z SZvdh j?, i' fJZe:{Bhtof;Nh j?. “seBheh f;fynk@ dh ftnkge XkoBk ns/ “seBheh;z;Ek@ d/;hws dkfJo/ ftueko nzso J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh n?eN dh Xkok 10 s'A;gZPN j?, fiZE/ e[M ekoi tZy'A tZyo/ gfjb{nK iK seBheh f;Zfynk d/ gfjb{nK Bkb;zpzXs jB fiBQK B{z e[dos d/ s"o s// jo fJZe;z;Ek bJh bkr{{ j'Dk ukjhdk j? (Gkt/A:{Bhtof;Nh j't/ iK Bk) fiZE/ nfij/ e'o; eotkJ/ iK fdZs/ iKd/ jB. T[;;w/A e[ZM ekoi e/tb seBheh;z;EktK Bkb;zpzXs jB, i' gfoGkPk nB[;ko:{Bhtof;NhnK s/ bkr{ BjhA j[zd/. T[dkjoD ti'A, ebkI (J/),(ph),(vh),(Jh),(n?c),(n?b) ns/ (n?B) ftZu seBheh f;Zfynk d/ ftPkb gfjb{nK Bkb;zpzX j?, id'A fe ebkIi (e/),(n?w),(gh) ns/ (feU[) seBheh ndkfonK Bkb i[V/ wkwfbnK Bkb BfiZmd/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK:{Bhtof;NhnK s/ bkr{ BjhA j';ed/, id'A fe e[ZM ftP/P ekoi jB, i' ebkI (ih) ns/ (U) ftZu fBXkos ehs/ rJ/ jB, i' d't/A “seBheh;z;EktK s/ bkr{ j[zd/ jB ns/:{Bhtof;NhnK seBheh f;Zfynk gqdkB eo ojhnK jB. Xkok 10 d/ ebkI (;h),(vh) ns/ (n?c);ko/ ftfPnK Bkb;zpzXs jB, fJZe d{i/ Bkb,;ko/ gZXoK s/ d/P ftZu seBheh f;Zfynk dk skbw/b, ftek; dhnK Io{osK B{z g{ok eoB bJh BthBsk, y'i ftek;, BthA N?eBkb'ihnK dh;EkgBk, ghVh B{z ngDkT[Dk ns/ BthA N?eBkb'ih dh nB[e{bsk B{z T[sPkjs eoBk, seBheh f;Zfynk ns/ gqDkbhnK ns/ j'o;zpzXs gqDkbhnK ftueko;zpzX B{z T[sPkjs eoBk ns/ gqGkts eoBk. J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH fJ; soQK “ seBheh f;Zfynk bJh wkgdzv iK r[Dkswe fB:wK B{z fBoXkos eoB dh Pesh dk fJeb"sk fog'INoh j?. e'o; dh;wroh eh j'Dh ukjhdh j?, fejV/ ftfPnK B{z gVQkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ e'o;K dh ntXh ns/ ekb eh j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ fe; Yzr Bkb e'o; eotkJ/ iKd/ jB, fJj “seBheh f;Zfynk@ dh ftPkb XkoDk dk fJZe fjZ;k j?. e'Jh th ftuko iK T[; y/so ftZu BthBsk th “seBheh f;Zfynk@ dh XkoDk dk fJZe fjZ;k j? ns/ f;XKse s"o s/, J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d/ ftP/P dkfJo/ ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j?. 48H seBheh f;Zfynk i' fe fJzihBhnfozr dhnK fvrohnK gqkgs eoB bJh j[zdh j?, ftZu fET[oh d/ Bkb Bkb nfGnk; gkm th eotkJ/ iKd/ jB. i/eo seBheh f;Zfynk d/D tkbh fJ;;Ekfgs XkoBk B{z fJZe r[Dkswe nkdoP ti'A;'AXDK iK pdbDk j? ns/ e/; ftZu d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok pdfbnk ikDk j?, sK fJZe XkoBk d/ s"o s/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH B{z fJ; B{z;gZPN PpdK ftZu;theko eoBk ukjhdk j?. fejV/ wkgdzvK B{z;zs[PN eoBk ukjhdk j?, i/eo seBheh f;Zfynk d/D dk fB:ws e'o; fe;/ th Yzr Bkb pdfbnk iK;'fXnk ikD dk c?;bk f;oc J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok jh fbnk ikDk j?. c?;bk yk; ns/;gPN j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ f;oc fJ; wkwb/ ftZu e'Jh fdPk fBod/P dh nDj'Ad ekoB nzdkik BjhA brkfJnk ik;edk. J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok ed/ nfijk e'Jh c?;bk gqrN BjhA ehsk frnk. d{i/ gk;/, fJj jw/Pk ekfJw fojk j? fe fJzihBhnfozr dhnK fvrohnK gqkgs eoB tkb/ e'o;K B{z d{o;E f;ZZfynk gqDkbh okjhA BjhA fbnk ik;edk. Gkt/A fJj gj[zu;jh j? iK BjhA, fJj w[Zdk BjhA j?. w"i{dk T[d/PK bJh, i/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d/ nB[;ko, nfij/ e'o;K B{z d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok BjhA f;ykfJnk ikDk ukjhdk, fJj nzsw Ppd j? ns/ bkIwh j?^id'A sZe ekB{zB d/ nB[;ko;zP'XB BjhA ehsk iKdk. fJE'A sZe fe g?oQk 6H19 ftZu fdZsh seBheh ns/ gqpzXeh f;Zfynk, d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok fJZe buehb/, g?NoB ns/ gq'rokwK dh Io{os s/ I'o fdzfdnK fejk frnk j? fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH fB:wK ns/ wkgdzvK dh:'iBkpzdh, fBowkD ns/ oZy^oykn bJh ns/ fJ; d/;w/s seBheh f;Zfynk ns/ gqpzXeh f;Zfynk dh J/ehfeqs ftek; ns/ skbw/b ns/;oNhfce/N dh;wkBsk d/ oZy oykt B{z:ehBh pDkT[D bJh fIzw/tko j't/rk.;kv/ ftuko ftZu, fiBQK ftfPnK d[nkok fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvrohnK gqkgs ehshnK iKdhnK jB T[j d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok gVQkJ/ ik;ed/ jB iK BjhAl fJj J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d/ ftP/P dkfJo/ ftZu j?.;kv/ d[nkok g[ZS/ rJ/ gfjb/ gqPB d/ gfjb/ nzr dk itkp, fJ; bJh;ZgPN j? fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok;gPN s"o s/ d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvroh e'o;K dh nkfrnk d/D d/ fdPk^fBod/PK s'A fpzBK, nfij/ e'o; g/P eoB/, wzBh ikD tkbh:{Bhtof;NhnK bJh T[fus BjhA;h.@ 33H seBheh ns/ gqpzXe f;Zfynk ftZu J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH dh G{fwek T[Zs/ 1986 ftZu Gkos;oeko d[nkok gqekPs B?PBb gkfb;h nk| n?i{e/PB ftZu I'o fdZsk frnk;h, fi; B{z T[Vh;k fbcN f;zukJh fBrw e/; ftZu fJ; ndkbs B/ B'N ehsk;h.;kb 1994 ftZu J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok ikoh;zpzXs fB:wK s/ th ftuko ehsk frnk;h, fi; d/ sfjs J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH dh wBI{oh s'A fJbktk fe;/ seBheh;z;Ek d[nkok e'Jh e'o; iK gq'rokw g/P BjhA ehsk ik;edk;h. c?;b/ d/ g?ok 23H[2] ns/ 23H[3] ftZu okPNoh f;Zfynk dh Bhsh ns/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh d/;zpzXs fB:wK d/;zpzXs fjZ;/ bJ/ rJ/ jBL^ “23H[2] 1986 ftZu f;Zfynk pko/ okPNo Bhsh Gkos;oeko d[nkok gqekPs ehsh rJh;h, fi;dk Gkr VI seBheh ns/ gqpzBXZe f;Zfynk, Bkb;zpzX oZydk j?, Bhsh d/ g?ok 6H[6], 6H[8] ns/ 6H19 fJj;BL^ “6H[6] seBheh ns/ gqpzXeh f;Zfynk ftZu b'eK d/ tZv/ fjZ;/ dh gj[zu B{z;hws eoB tkb/ o;wh e'o;K bJh w"i{dk;ys gqt/P b'VK d/ wZd/BIo,;zuko whvhnk dh tos'A;w/s d{o;E f;Zfynk gqfefonk d[nkok gq'rokw g/P ehs/ ikDr/. g"bhN?efBe; ftZu f;Zfynk;w/s seBheh ns/ gqpzXe f;Zfynk gq'rokw, wbNh^g[nkfJzN gqt/P dh ftt;Ek d/ Bkb, eq?fvN d/ nkXko s/ fJZe buedko wkv:{bo g?NoB s/ th j'Dr/. fJZe wIp{s wkordoPB ns/;bkj^wPtok dhnK;/tktK gqdkB ehshnK ikDrhnK. * * * 6H[8] seBheh f;Zfynk d/ Y[et/A o;wh ns/ r?o^o;wh gq'rokw n"osK bJh, nkofEe ns/;wkie s"o s/ ewI'o torK ns/;ohoe s"o s/ ngkjiK d/ bkG bJh fsnko ehs/ ikDr/. * * * 6H19 nkb fJzvhnk e"A;b cko N?eBheb n?i{e/PB, fi; B{z ekB{zBh doik fdZsk frnk j?, seBheh ns/ gqpzXe f;Zfynk dh fB:wK ns/ wkgdzvK dh:'iBkpzdh, fBowkD, ns/ oZy^oykn, wkBsk, soihj tkb/ y/soK dh czfvzr, fBrokBh ns/ w[bKeD, gqwkDheoD ns/ g[o;ekoK dh pokpoh pDkJh oZyD ns/ skbw/b ns/ J/ehfeqs ftek; B{z:ehBh pDkT[D bJh fIzw/tko j't/rk.;w/A^;w/A s/ w[bKeD fJZe fB:fws rmB gqwkfDs p'ov d[nkok ehsk ikJ/rk. e"A;b B{z wIp{s ehsk ikt/rk ns/ fJj uzrh;oeko dhnK oki;oekoK ns/ seBheh ndkfonK dh tX/o/;w{bhns Bkb fte/Adohfeqs Yzr Bkb ezw eo/rh.@ 23H3H J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH(Bt/A seBheh ndkfonK, e'o;K iK gq'rokwK dh P[o{nks ns/ e'o;K iK gq'rokwK bJh;hNK dh;hws;woZEk dh wBI{oh) fB:wK B{z 1994 ftZu ikoh ehsk frnk;h (“1994 d/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH o?r{b/PB@;zy/g ftZu). fJBQK fB:wK dh Xkok 4 j/m fdZs/ gqGkt j/m;hL^ “4H0H gqtkBrh dh roKN dh b'V 4H1H fJBQK fB:wK dh P[o{nks s'A pknd, (J/) e'Jh BthA seBheh;z;Ek iK:{Bhtof;Nh seBheh ftGkr P[o{ BjhA ehsk ikt/rkl iK (ph) fe;/ seBheh;z;Ek,:{Bhtof;Nh,;w/s wzBh ikD tkbh:{Bhtof;Nh iK:{Bhtof;Nh ftGkr iK ekbi d[nkok e'o; iK gq'rokw BjhA eokfJnk ikJ/rk. (;h) e'Jh seBheh;z;Ek,:{Bhtof;Nh iK wzBh ikD tkbh:{Bhtof;Nh iK:{Bhtof;Nh ftGkr ik ekbi ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fvroh iK fvgb'wk e'o;K iK gq'rokwK bJh dkybk d/Dk ikoh BjhA oZy/rkl (vh);hNK dh wBI[oP[dk rqfjD eoB dh;woZEk ftZu e"A;b dh wBI{oh s'A f;tkJ/ tkXk iK e'Jh coe BjhA ehsk ik;edk. 34H fJ; c?;b/ ftZu fJj fejk frnk;h fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH “seBheh f;Zfynk@ bJh wkgdzv iK r[Dkswe fB:wK B{z fBoXkos eoB dh Pesh dk fJeb"sk fog'INoh j? ns/ fJj ftuko eoBk J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d/ ftP/P y/so ftZu;h. fe fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvroh gqkgs eoB bJh ftfPnK B{z d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok gVQkfJnk ik;edk j? iK BjhA. fJ; w[Zd/ B{z eh fJzihBhnfozr dhnK fvrohnK gqkgs eoB tkb/ e'o;K B{z d[o;E f;Zfynk gqqDkbh d[nkok gVQkfJnk ik;edk;h, fJ; B{z ft;Eko Bkb g/P ehsk frnk;h. fJj fBoXkos ehsk frnk;h fe e[dosh s"o s/, g?qeNheb N/qfBzr fJzihBhnfozr e'o;K dk fJZe Io{oh ns/ nfBZyVtK nzr j'J/rh ns/ id'A sZe fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok;gZPN Bhsh BjhA pDkJh iKdh, T[d'A sZe fJzihBhnfozr d/ fe;/ th e'o; B{z d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh Bkb BjhA eokfJnk ik;edk. fJj wzfBnk frnk;h fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok ikoh ehs/ rJ/ fdPk fBod/Pk dh nDj'Ad ftZu, d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvroh gqkgs eoB tkb/ e'o;K B{z;gZPN s"o s/ fJikIs d/ fdZsh rJh j?, fJ; soQK d/ e'Jh th e'o; P[o{ BjhA ehs/ ik;ed/ jB. J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok bJ/ rJ/ fBozso o[y B{z th T[eZs iZiw?AN ftZu B'N ehsk frnk. 35H gqPB ftub/ B[es/ B{z fco fwsh 22H01H2018 d/ g/ok 23 ns/ 24 d/ nkovo Bkb BfiZfmnk frnk ns/ fJ; rZb s/ I'o fdZsk frnk fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok f;XKse s"o s/ d{oh f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvrohnK gqkgs eoB B{z ed/ gqtkBrh BjhA fdZsh rJh. nghbeosk d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok e'Jh f;Zfynk d/D dk dkntk th BjhA eodk ns/ f;oc d'^;kbk gqhfynk eokT[Adk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z gqwkD gZso fdzdk j?, i' nfijh gqhfynk d/:'r j[zd/ jB. T[Vh;k fbcN f;zukJh ekog'o/PB e/;, ftZu ndkbs d/ c?;b/ dh o'PBh ftZu ftukoB s/, n?fwe; eoJh, nkgD/ efjD ftZu;jh j? fe nghbeosk dk e/; T[jBK e/;K Bkb'A fBub/ gZXo s/ j't/rk fiBK ftZu wzBh ikD tkbh:{Bhtof;NhnK d/ wkwb/ d/ c?;b/ B{z BfiZfmnk frnk j?. 36H nghbeosk dk fBozso o[y fJj j? fe fJj fe;/ th n?eN d/ nXhB BjhA nkT[Adk j?, fit/A fe:{HihH;hH n?eN, fJzdok rKXh B?PBb TgB:{Bhtof;Nh n?eN, 1985 ns/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH n?eN. jkbKfe, feT[Afe fJj seBheh f;Zfynk d/ e'o;K iK gq'rokwK dh g/PeP eodk j?, fit/A fe T[Zu ndkbs d[nkok;jh wzfBnk frnk j?, nghbeosk “seBheh;z;Ek@ dh gfoGkPk d/ nzdo nkT[Adk j? fit/A fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH n?eN ftZu gfoGkPs ehsk frnk j?. Bk sK nghbeosk, nkg fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvroh gqdkB eodk j? ns/ Bk jh, fe;/ wkBsk gqkgs;z;Ek d/ ti'A wkBsk gqkgs:{Bhtof;Nh, ftZu fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh gqkgs eoB tkb/ e'o;K ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fsnko eodk j?. jkbKfe fJj fET{oh ns/ gq?eNheb ftZu e'Jh fBod/P BjhA fdzdkl go fJj fJZe gqhfynk dh s;ZbhpyP wBI{oh s'A pknd fJj T[whdtkoK B{z w?ApofPg d/;oNhfce/N gqdkB eodk j?.;tkb fJj j? fe nfij/;oNhfce/N B{z, ekB{zB ti'A, fe;/ wkBsk gqkgs Gkosh:{Bhtof;Nh s'A we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh d/ pokpo wzfBnk ik;edk j? < e[M th;gZPN BjhA j? fe fejV/;zftXkBe Pk;B nXhB iK ekB{zBh ftt;Ek d/ sfjs nghbeosk d[nkok ikoh ehs/ rJ/;oNhfce/N B{z fJ; soQK dh pokpoh fdZsh ik;edh j?.;/tk ftZu e'Jh ekB{zBh gqpzX BjhA brkfJnk j? iK fJ; s/ fJj Go';k eoe/;[Mkn fdZsk frnk fe yk; jbksK ns/$iK, e[ZM wkgdzvK dh;zs[PNh d/ nkXko s/ nghbeosk nfijh pokpoh iK doik d/D dk jZedko j't/rk. 37H:{ih;h n?eN dh Xkok 22(1) d/ nB[;ko, fvrohnK gqdkB eoB d/ nfXeko dh tos'A f;oc fJZe:{Bhtof;Nh d[nkok ehsh ik;edh j?, i' fJZe e/Adoh n?eN, fJZe go'ftBfPnb n?eN iK oki n?eN iK fJZe wzBh ikD tkbh:{Bhtof;Nh d[nkok:{HihH;hH dh Xkok 3 nXhB;Ekgs ehsh ik;edh j? iK fJZe;z;Ek d[nkok;z;d d/ n?eN d[nkok fvrohnK rqKN iK gqdkB eoB bJh. Tes Xkok 22 dh T[g^Xkok (1) ftZu nkT[D tkb/ ftuko B{z T[g^Xkok (2) d[nkok Ikjo s"o s/;gZPN ehsk frnk j? fi; ftZu fejk frnk j?L “T[g^Xkok(1) ftZu e'Jh th ftnesh iK nEkoNh fe;/ th fvroh B{z gqdkB eoB iK d/D ik nkgD/ nkg d/D dk jZedko BjhA j't/rk.;z;d dk fJokdk;gZPN j? fe fJj f;oc T[jh;z;Ek j? fi; B{z Xkok 22 dh T[g^Xkok(1) ftZu do;kfJnk frnk j?, i' fvrohnK gqdkB eoB iK rqKN eoB d/;woZE j?. nghbeosk:{ ih;h n?eN dh Xkok 22(1) ftZu do;kJh fe;/ th Pq/Dh dh nXhB BjhA nkT[Adk. 38H T[Vh;k fbcN f;zukJh fBrw e/; ftZu fJj ftukoB bJh th nkfJnk j? fe, eh wzBh ikD tkbh:{Bhtof;Nh g{ot nB[wsh fpBK d{o;E f;Zfynk gqDkbh d[nkok fJzihBhnfozr dhnK fvrohnK gqkgs eoB tkb/ e'o;K dh P[o{nks eo;edh;h < fJ; wkwb/ dk T[j gfjb{ w"i{dk e/; ftZu BjhA nkT[Adk ns/ fJj nghbeosk dk e/; BjhA j?, fe fJj fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvrohnK gqkgs eoB dk jZedko j?. jkbKfe, T[;dk efjDk j? fe fJ; d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/;oNhfce/N d/;zpzX ftZu fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fvrohnK d/ pokpo j'D dk doik gqkgs j'D eoe/, nghbeosk fJ; soQK dk bkG iK ckfJdk gqkgs eoB dk jZedko j?. fJZE/ fe;/ th ekB{zBh ftt;Ek iK ekB{zBh fB:wK d/ o{g ftZu iK nfijh e'Jh:'iBk BjhA j?, fi; d/ sfjs n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH d[nkok nfijh pokpoh fdZsh ik;edh j?. fJj ikgdk j? fe tZy^tZy;z;EktK d[nkok dknt/ ehs/, fit/A fe nghbeosk, d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ dknt/, e/; d/ nkXko s/ ftuko ehsk iKdk;h ns/ n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH d[nkok pokpoh gqdkB ehsh rJh;h. T[BQK;zukoK ftu'A gfjbK;zB 1976 dk;h, id'A J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH n?eN bkr{ BjhA j'fJnk;h. i/ Xkok 22 dk cowkB Xkok 22(1) ftZu fBoXkos ehs/ s'A fJbktk fe;/ th nfXekoh iK ftnesh B{z fvroh gqdkB eoB d/ jZe s'A tKMk oZydk j?, sK n?ZwHn?uHnkoHvhH;w/s fe;/ ftZu th nfijh pokpoh gqdkB eoB dh e'Jh Pesh iK nEkoNh BjhA j?. 39H fJj f;XKs i' f;ZX/ s"o s/ BjhA ehsk ik;edk T[j nf;ZX/ Yzr Bkb gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik;edk ns/ fJ; ndkbs d[nkok j/m fdZs/ c?;fbnK ftZu fJ; dk t/otk fdZsk frnk j?L^ ( ( ( (J J J J////) ) ) ) skfwbBkv{ oki ftZu ns/ j'o pBkw, thH e/H fPnkw;[zdo ns/ j'o.

“VI. i' f;ZX/ s"o s/ BjhA ehsk ik;edk^nf;ZX/ s"o s/ BjhA ehsk ik;edk. 43H “ “21H fJj ekB{zB dk;[bMkfJnk j'fJnk gq;skt j? fe i' f;ZXk BjhA ehsk ik;edk, T[; B{z nf;ZX/ Yzr Bkb eoB dh fJikIs BjhA j?l Gkt i' e[ZM th ekB{zB d[nkok eoB dh wBkjh j?, ekB{zBh s"o s/ nf;ZX/ iK ngqsy sohe/ Bkb e[nKv' nfbe[fJs go'jhfpNo, go'jhfpNo fJN';B go feT[v fvt?BkNo n?v fJb[v d/ f;XKs d/ nkXko s/. fe;/ nEkoNh B{z fPcN iK:'iBk d[nkok ekB{zB s'A puD dh fJikIs BjhA fdZsh ik;edh.@ (irho f;zx pBkw oDpho f;zx, n?wH;hHw/jsk pBkw ewb BkE ns/;zs bkb r[gsk pBkw w'voB e'go/PB ro[g jkT[f;zr;';kfJNh fbfwfNv, n?;;h;h ghH 344, g?ok 21)H@ ( ( ( (p p p ph h h h) ) ) ) irho f;zx pBkw oDpho f;zx ftZu j/m fby/ nB[;koL^ “5H Xkok 397(3) d[nkok bkr{ ehsh rJh o[ektN B{z gko eoB bJh fJj;[Mkn fdZsk frnk;h fe jkJh e'oN d/;kjwD/ foftIB noIh B{z;?PB iZi d/ nkd/P d/ fto[ZX doyk;s ti'A wzfBnk ik;edk j?, Bk fe w?fi;No/N d/ nkd/P d/ fto[ZX.;kB{z BjhA brdk fe nfijk eoBk ikfJI j?. i' f;ZX/ s"o s/ BjhA ehsk ik;edk T[j nf;ZX/ s"o s/ eoB dh fJikIs BjhAl fJj ekB{zB B{z nDd/yk eoBk j?. fJj ekB{zB dk fJZe ikfDnk^gSQkfDnk f;XKs j? fe;z;d d/ n?eN dhnK XkoktK B{z fPcN iK;fjwsh@ Bkb BjhA ykoi ehsk ik;edk @ (gsh n?p'N,;hHi/Hc"e; ftZu ftHu/;No n"c fpPg)H “fe;/ ekB{zB d/ T[d/P B{z gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb B/go/ ukVQB bJh, fJj nf;ZX/ iK N/v/ Yzr Bkb eoB dhnK;kohnK e'fPPK B{z jokT[D iK eoB s'A goj/I eoBk ukjhdk j?, fi; dh T[; B/ wBkjh ehsh j? iK j[ew fdZsk j?.@ (w?e;t?b, 11th n?vH p. 109). id'A;?PB iZi B/ w?fi;No/N d/ j[ew ftZu dyb d/D s'A fJBeko eo fdZsk sK jkJh e'oN nfXeko y/so w?fi;No/N d/ j[ew B{z NkbD bJh ysw j' frnk Bk fe;?PB iZi. fJ; bJh Xkok 397(3) dh o'e, gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb nkeoPs;h ns/ fJ; o'e B{z fJ; foftIB$;'X dh noIh d/ ekoB gk;/ BjhA ehsk ik;edk, fit/A fe;?PB iZi d/ nkd/P d/ fto[ZX ehsk frnk. 40H i/ e'Jh fvroh f;oc T[BQK;z;EktK d[nkok fdZsh ik;edh j?, i':{ ih;h n?eN dh Xkok 22 dh T[g^Xkok(1) ftZu fdZs/ t/ot/ B{z g{ok eodhnK jB, fJZe;z;dh ekB{zB d/ nkd/P B{z nghbeosk d[nkok ikoh ehs/ rJ/ ns/ gqwkDs ehs/ rJ/ fJZe;oNhfce/N dh pokpoh d/ e/ ykoi BjhA ehsk ik;edk. T[;;oNhfce/N dh eh wjsZsk j[zdh j?, nt;o nkT[D s/ wkbe d[nkok ftukfonk ikt/rk. nghbeosk fBPus o{g ftZu nkgD/ w?ApoK B{z w?ApofPg dk;oNhfce/N gqdkB eoB dk jZedko j't/rk.;oNhfce/N dh eh wjZssk j'Dk ukjhdh j? T[j ftneshrs wkbe d/ e/; ftZu ftukoDk ukjhdk j?.;zpzXs wkbe;zpzXs T[whdtkoK dh:'rsk ns/:'rsk B{z ftukod/ j'J/ nfij/;oNhfce/N B{z wjZst d/;ed/ jB, go efjD bJh fe;oNhfce/N fJZe fvroh d/ pokpo j[zd/ jB ns/ fit/A fe;ko/ T[whdtko i' nfij/;oNhfce/N oZyd/ jB T[j bkG b?D d/ jZedko j[zd/ jB i' fJZe fvroh Xkoe eo;edk j?, fJe g{oh soQK tZyok w[Zdk j?. 41H w"i{dk;fEsh ftZu,;z[uko fwsh 26H05H1976 fi; d/ sfjs nghbeosk d[nkok ikoh ehsk frnk;oNhfce/N fe;/ wkBsk gqkgs Gkosh:{Bhtof;Nh s'A we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh d/ pokpo wzfBnk frnk;h, fe;/ th ekB{zBh ftt;Ek dk;ze/s BjhA eodk, fi; d/ sfjs nfijh pokpoh gqdkB ehsh rJh. fJj B[esk j'o th wjZstg{oB j' iKdk j?, fit/A fe J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh n?e; d/ bkr{ j'D s'A pknd, “seBheh f;Zfynk@;zpzXh g{o/ y/so B{z;z;d B/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d/ dkfJo/ ftZu oZfynk j'fJnk j?. J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH n?eN dh Xkok 10, J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH B{z Bk f;oc e'o;K, gkmeqw ns/ “seBheh f;fynk@ d/ nfij/ j'o gfjb{nK bJh fB:w ns/ wkgdzv fBoXkos eoB dk jZedko j?, pbfe fJ; B{z Xkok (n?b) d/ sfjs seBheh f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu fe;/ th g/P/to;z;Ek iK;z;Ek B{z PeshnK, nfXeko ns/;j{bsK nkfd gqdkB eoB bJh rqKN nkc ukoNo d/;zpzX ftZu e/Ado;oeko B{z;bkj d/D bJh jZedko j?. J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH n?eN bkr{ j'D s'A pknd, Pesh d/ dkfJo/ d/ nkXko s/ fJ; soQK d/ nfXekoK B{z J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH dh;gZPN;bkj ns/ tZy^tZy ekB{zBh;hwktK d/ nzdo jh fdZsk ik;edk j?. 42H Bshi/ ti'A, Bk sK e'Jh nghb eosk dkntk eo;edk j?, Bk jh fe;/ th fvroh B{z d/D d/ jZedko j'D d/ wkwb/ ftZu ns/ Bk jh fJj dkntk eo;edk j? fe fJ; d[nkok fdZsk frnk;oNhf|e/N, we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr ftZu fJZe fvroh d/ pokpo wzfBnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 43H fJ; bJh, jkJh e'oN t/yD ftZu;jh;hL^ “HHHHHH we?Bheb fJzihBhfozr dh;z;Ek(Gkos), w[zpJh dh fJZe ofi;Nov;[;kfJNh j? ns/ fJ; soQK fJZe seBheh;z;Ek j? ns/ fJ; B{z seBheh ftfPnK d/ e'o;K d/;zpzX ftZu J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH s'A wBI{oh b?Dh g?Adh j?. nfijh;z;Ek dh w?ApofPg B{z fJZe fvroh d/ pokpo BjhA wzfBnk ik;edk, feT[Afe nfijh;z;Ek s'A:'rsk gqkgs T[whdtko B{z fJz;NhfNT[PB nk| fJzihBhoI d/ w?Apo, ekB{zB d/ nXhB;Ekfgs eoB tkb/ d/ pokpo BjhA fejk ik;edk (g?ok 208)

HHH HHH fJE/ e'Jh d;skt/I g/P BjhA ehsk frnk iK efEs s"o s/ j? fe T[Zsotkdh Bzpo 4 B{z nkgD/ e'o;K d/;zpzX ftZu fe;/ th e"A;b iK p'ov s'A;EkJh wkBsk gqkgs j?. fJ; bJh T[Zsotkdh Bzpo 4 d[nkok fdZshnK ikD tkbhnK fvrohnK iK w?ApofPg B{z fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh d/ pokpo BjhA wzfBnk ik;edk.@(Para 211). 44H jkbKfe, sZE fJj fojk j? fe nghbeosk d[nkok gqdkB ehs/ rJ/;oNhfce/N dh pokpoh n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH d[nkok J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d/ Bkb;bkj^wPto/ ti'A 31H05H2013 sZe fdZsh rJh;h, e/Ado;oeko d[nkok ikoh nfX;{uBk fwsh 06H12H2012 s'A ns/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJh d[nkok ikoh iBse B'fN; August, 2017 ftZu ikfjo j?. fJj;zuko fJj th;ze/s eod/ jB fe T[j;ko/ ftfdnkoEh i' 31H05H2013 sZe ofi;Nov jB e'o; ftZu n?wHn?uHnkoHvhH dcso d/ w?w'ozvw$nkovo d/ nB[;ko ftukoB:'r j'Dr/. jkbKfe n;hA fJj dZf;nk j? fe nghbeosk d[nkok fJ;d/ w?ApoK B{z d'^;kbkBk gqhfynk d/;cbskg{ote w[ezwb eoB s/ ikoh ehs/ rJ/;oNhfce/N fJZe fvroh d/ pokpo BjhA wzB/ ik;ed/, fwsh 31H05H2013 sZe dkyb j'J/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ jZe ftZu fJZe ngtkd j'D dh Io{os j? ns/ fwsh 06H12H2012 dh nfX;{uBk d/ nB[;ko bkG ns/ T[go'es iBse B'fN; B{z nfij/ T[whdtkoK sZe tXkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. T[whdtkoK B/ nkgDk Bkw doi eokT[D dh u'D ehsh;h sK fe T[j Pk;B nXhB nghbeosk d[[nkok eotkJ/ rJ/ gqhfynktK i' fe e/Ado;oeko d[nkok oZyh rJh;h ftZu Pkwb j';eD ns/ J/HnkJhH;hHNhHJhH d[nkok e'o; dh;Zwroh ns/ gkmeqw dh;whfynk ehsh ik;e/. jkbKfe, T[go'es nfX;{uBk ns/ iBse B'fN;;gZPN;B fe 01H06H2013 s'A pknd pokpoh d/D tkb/;zpzXs nkd/PK dk e'Jh n;o BjhA j't/rk. 45H jkbksK ftZu n;hA 31H05H2013 sZe ofi;No j'J/ T[whdtkoK d/ jZe ftZu fJZe ngtkd eod/ jK ns/ n?bkB eod/ jK fe w"i{dk wkwb/ ftZu bJ/ rJ/ f;ZN/ 01H06H2013 s'A pknd bkr{ j'Dr/. 31H05H2013 sZe dkyb j'J/ nfij/ T[whdtkoK B{z nghbeosk d[nkok fdZsk;oNhfce/N e/Ado;oeko ftZu o[Irko d/ T[d/P Bkb we?Bheb fJzihBhnfozr dh fJZe fvroh d/ pokpo wzfBnk ikt/rk. 46H gfo;o ftZu,;kB{z jkJh e'oN dh nkgDh iZiw?AN d/ g?oQK 205 s'A 213 ftZu ehs/ w[bKeD ftZu e'Jh rbsh BjhA bZGh. n;hA fJ; bJh nghbeosk d[nkok T[mkJhnK rJhnK;kohnK p/BshnK B{z ykoi eo fdzd/ jK ns/ fw;b?fB:w ngbhe/PB BzH 2367 of 2018 B{z n;theko eod/ jK. e'Jh bkrs BjhA. 47H nzs ftZu, n;hA Pqh;hHJ/H;[zdow, wkD:'r n?fwe; eoJh d[nkok fdZsh;jkfJsk bJh fdb'A XzBtkd gqrN eod/ jK. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHiZi (Uday Umesh Lalit) (T[d/ T[w/P bfbs) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHiZi (Deepak Gupta) (dhge r[gsk) BthA fdZbhl nr;s 13, 2019 fv;eb/wo:-;EkBe GkPk ftZu nB[tkd ehsk frnk fBnK fBoDK e/tb w[eZdw/pkIk bJh T[jBK dh nkgDh GkPk ftu;wMD sZe jh;hws j? ns/ fJ;dk fe;/ j'o T[d/P bJh fJ;s/wkb BjhA ehsk ik;edk.;ko/ ftjkoe ns/ nfXekos wzstk bJh, fBnK fBoD/ dk nzro/Ih;z;eoD gqwkfDe j't/rk ns/ nwb bkr{ eoB bJh fJ; B{z soihj fdZsh ikt/rh. Translated by Ms. Sangeeta, Translator from beginning to page-21 and Ms. Kusum, Translator from page-22 till end. Typed by Sh. Ajay Abbot, Sr. Assistant.