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Fw;wtpay; nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhutuk;g[
Fw;wtpay; nky;KiwaPL vz; 56-2010
Mh;/ b$aghy; /// nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;(fs;)
?vjph;? jkpH;ehL khepy muR kw;Wk; xUth; /// vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;(fs;) jPh;g;g[iu khz;g[kpF ePjpaurh; jpU/ jpndc&; knf!;thp:
1/ mkh;t[ tHf;F vz; 168-1999?,y;. j";rht{h;. Kjd;ik mkh;t[ ePjpgjp mth;fshy; tH';fg;gl;l 27/6/2000?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; cj;juit khw;wpaikj;J. ,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302-34?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf. 2?Mk;
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; tpLjiy bra;ag;gl;oUe;jhY';Tl. ,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk;
(*,/j/r/*). gphpt[ 302?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf mthpd; Fw;wj;jPh;g;ig. bkl;uh!; cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ Fw;wtpay; nky;KiwaPL vz; 1003-2000?,y; 21/2/2008?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; cj;jutpy; cWjpbra;jijaLj;J. ,k;nky;KiwaPl;oy;
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;luhd nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. mJFwpj;J nfs;tp vGg;gpa[s;shh;/
1/1/ nkw;Twg;gl;l mkh;t[ tHf;fpy;. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhd nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;
,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;oUf;ifapy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; rnfhjuh; (2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;). ,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302-34?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lhh; kw;Wk; nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; kidtpahdth;
(3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;). ,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302-34 kw;Wk; 341?,d; fPHhd
Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lhh;/ tprhuiz ePjpkd;wkhdJ ,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf nky;KiwaPl;lhsiu Fw;wthspbad jPh;g;gspj;jJ kw;Wk;
//2//
Ma[s; rpiwj;jz;lida[ld; nrh;j;J U:/1.000-?jpw;fhd mguhjj;Jld; jtWif epge;jidfisa[k; tpjpj;J jz;lidaspj;jJ; nkYk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; rnfhjuUk; (2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;). ,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302-34?,d; fPHhd
Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Fw;wthspbad jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;L. mnj Ma[s; rpiwj;jz;lida[ld;
U:/1.000-?jpw;fhd mguhjj;Jld; jtWif epge;jidfisa[k; tpjpj;J jz;lidaspf;fg;gl;lhh;/ MapDk;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wkhdJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; kidtp (3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;). ,/j/r/. gphpt[fs; 302-34 kw;Wk; 341?,d; fPH;
Fw;wk;g[hpatpy;iybadf; fz;lwpe;J. mjw;nfw;g mtiu tpLjiy bra;jJ/
;nky;KiwaPl;oy;. cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; Fw;w kw;Wk; jz;lidj;jPh;g;ig epiyepWj;jpapUe;jhYk;. 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltiu Fw;wthsp
,y;iybad fz;lwpe;jjd;nghpy; mtiu tpLjiy bra;jJ/
2/ ,k;nky;KiwaPl;oy; jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhf nfhug;gLk; mog;gil nfs;tp ahbjdpy;. ,f;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l bghUz;ikfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyj; bjhFjpapd;nghpy;. cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ. ,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; Fw;wj;jPh;g;ig epiyepWj;jpajpy; epahag;gLj;jg;gLfpwjh> vd;gJ Fwpj;njahFk;/
3/ ,Jtiuapy; ifapypUe;JtUk; nfs;tpf;F bjhlh;g[ila tHf;fpd; gpd;dzp mk;r';fs; RUf;fkhf gpd;tUkhW ghh;f;fyhk;:
3/1/ muRj;jug;g[ tHf;fhtJ. kuzKw;w g{e;ijbrHpaDk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; kidtpahd bry;tp b$arPypa[k; (,t;tHf;fpy; 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;) ngU:uhl;rp njh;jypd; bghUl;L. tiuaiwapd;wp nghl;og;nghl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jdh;. m';F
//3// kuzKw;wth;. kw;bwhU ntl;ghsiu jiytuhf njh;e;bjLf;f xU fUtpnghd;W bray;gl;lJld;. mtnu 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltiu njhw;foj;J
Jizj;jiytuhft[k; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;lhh;/ muRj;jug;gpd; Tw;Wg;go. 3?Mk;
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;. kuzKw;wtUf;bfjpuhf g[fhh; bfhLj;jhh;. mJ. tprhhpf;fg;gl;L. bgha;ahdjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ; kw;Wk; ,g;g[fhhpd; njhy;tpahdJ Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fis rpdK:l;oaJ/ 23/08/1997?Mk; njjpad;W khiy Rkhh; 5/00 kzpastpy; nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhd Mh;/ b$aghy; (1?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;). mtUila kidtpa[ld; (3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;) nrh;e;Jbfhz;L. kuzKw;wthpd; tPl;od;
Kd;g[. kuzKw;wtUld; tha;r;rz;ilapl;lJld; mtiu 24 kzpneuj;jpw;Fs;shf jPh;j;Jfl;otpLtjhf nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; N:Siuj;jjhft[k; brhy;yg;gl;lJ/ mnj ehsd;W ,ut[ 7/15 kzpastpy;. kuzKw;wth; j";rht{Uf;F bry;Yk;bghUl;L. mtUila tPl;oypUe;J nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tPl;od; Kd;g[ ,Uf;Fk; re;ij fle;Jbry;ifapy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; xU Th;Kidf; fUtpa[lDk;. 2?Mk;
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; Xh; mUthSlDk; te;jdh; kw;Wk; 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;
Ma[jkpd;wp te;jhh;; 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; (nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; rnfhjuh;) mUthisf;bfhz;L kuzKw;wtiu jhf;fpdhh;/ Mdhy;. kuzKw;wth; me;j mUths; tPr;irj; jLj;Jtpl;lhh;; kuzKw;wth; XlKad;wnghJ. 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; jpObud gha;e;J mtiu jLj;jJld; kuzKw;wtiu bfhy;yhky; tplf;TlhJ vdt[k; J}z;Liuj;jhh;. gpd;dh;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; Th;;Kidf; fUtpahy; kuzKw;wtUila khh;gpd;kPJ Fj;jpdhh;/ ,r;rk;gtj;ij. m/rh/1?kuzKw;wthpd; rnfhjuuhd ghz;oad; vd;gth; ghh;j;jjhfr; brhy;yg;gl;lJ. mth;jhd; kuzKw;wtiu kUj;Jtkidf;F vLj;Jr;brd;whh; kw;Wk; mtUila thf;FK:yj;jpd;
//4// mog;gilapy;. m/rh/12 jiyikf; fhtyh; b$fehjd; mth;fshy; bfhLf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifapd;go K/j/m/. gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;lJ/ K/j/m/?,d; bjhlh;g[ila gaDila gFjpfs; gpd;tUkhW vLFwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ:-
@ ////////// ,d;iwa ehshd 23/08/97 md;W khiy 5/00 kzpastpy; vd;Dila rnfhjuh; mtuJ tPl;oypUe;jhh;/ ehd; filtPjpapypUe;J jpUk;gpanghJ. m';F Tr;rypl;Lf;bfhz;L
,Ue;jdh;/ ehd; mUnf brd;wnghJ. vd;Dila rnfhjuh; g{e;ijbrHpad;. b$arPyp kw;Wk; b$aghy; Mfpnahh; tpthjk; bra;Jbfhz;oUe;ij ehd; ghh;j;njd;/ gpd;. vd;Dila rnfhjuh; g{e;ijbrHpad;. mtUf;bfjpuhf bgha;ahd g[fhiu b$arPyp mDg;gpaijf; Fwpj;J nfl;lhh;. mth; (b$arPyp). mtiu
(kuzKw;wtiu) FiwTwpf;bfhz;nlapUe;jhh; kw;Wk; mtiu
Kiwahf ele;Jbfhs;Sk;go Twpdhh;/ mjw;F b$arPyp vd;d khpahijf;F mth; mUfija[ilath; vdf; nfl;lhh;/ b$aghy; mtiu 24 kzpneuj;jpw;Fs; jPh;j;Jf;fl;otpLtjhf mthplk;
Twpdhh;/ vd;Dila rnfhjuiu ehd; rkhjhdk; bra;J. mtUila tPl;ow;F mtiu mDg;gpitj;njd;/ b$arPypa[k; b$aghYk; fpHf;Fnehf;fpr; brd;wdh;/ gpd; vd;Dila rnfhjuh; thbdhypapy; 7| bra;jpiaf; nfl;Ltpl;L. j";rht{Uf;F fpsk;gpdhh;/ me;neuj;jpy;. vd;Dila tPl;od; mUnfa[s;s fk;gj;jpy;. tpsf;F vhpe;Jbfhz;oUe;jJ/ ey;y btspr;rk;
,Ue;jJ/ ehd; vd;Dila tPl;od; jpz;izapy; cl;fhh;e;jpUe;njd;/
//5// vd;Dila rnfhjuh; b$aghypd; tPl;od; mUnfa[s;s rhiy
Kd;ghf cs;s rhiyapy; fpHf;F nehf;fp brd;Wbfhz;oUe;nghJ. b$aghy; Th;Kidf; fUtpa[ld; te;jhh;. nrtpah; mUthSlDk; b$arPyp Ma[[jkpd;wpa[k; te;jdh;/ nrtpah; vd;Dila rnfhjuiu nehf;fp Xor;brd;W vd;Dila rnfhjuiu mUthshy; btl;odhh;/ vd;Dila rnfhjuh; mijjLj;J. mtiu fPnH js;spdhh;/ mjdhy; btl;lhdJ vd;Dila rnfhjuh; kPJ tpHtpy;iy/ vd;Dila rnfhjuh; nkw;Fnehf;fp Xl Kad;whh;/ b$arPyp vd;Dila rnfhjuiu tHpkwpj;J. mtiu bfhy;yhky;tplf;TlhJ vdf; fj;jpdhh;/ b$aghy; jdJ ifapYs;s Th;Kidf; fUtpahy; vd;Dila rnfhjuhpd; ,lJkhh;gpy; Fj;jpdhh;/ vd;Dila rnfhjuh; fPnH tpGe;Jtpl;lhh;/ ehd; fj;jpf;bfhz;nl Xondd;/ vd;Dila tPl;od; Kd;gf;fj;jpy; trpj;JtUgtuhd mUikehjDk;. mt;tHpapy; te;Jbfhz;oUe;jth;fshd bu';fkzpapd; kfdhd rpd;idaDk;. FUrhkpapd; kfdhd
,utpr;re;jpuDk; fj;jpdh;/ b$aghy;. b$arPyp kw;Wk; nrtpaUk;
Xotpl;ldh;/ ehd; mth;fisg; gpof;f Juj;jpndd;/ mth;fs; xt;bthU jpirapy; Xodh;/ ehd; b$aghiy fpHf;Fj; jpirapy;
Juj;jpbrd;W bfh";r J}uj;jpy; mtiu gpoj;Jtpl;nld;/ mth;
Th;Kidf; fUtpahy; vd;id Fj;jptplyhk; vd m";rp ehd;
Th;Kidf; fUtpiag; gpo';fpndd;/ mth; rz;ilapl;L. Th;Kidf; fUtpia J}f;fp vwpe;Jtpl;L Xotpl;lhh;/ me;j Th;Kidf; fUtp
//6// m';Fjhd; fplf;fpwJ/ ehd; jpUk;gpte;J vd;Dila rnfhjuiu ghh;j;jnghJ. mth; capUf;fhf nghuho bfhz;oUe;jhh;/ ehd; mtrukhf xU tz;oia gpoj;J. mtiu j";rht{h; kUj;Jt fy;Y}hp kUj;Jtkidapy; mDkjpj;njd;/ m';F mtiu kUj;Jth; ghpnrhjpj;J. vd;Dila rnfhjuh; ,we;Jtpl;ljhff; Twp. gpzj;ij rtf;fpl';fpw;F mDg;gpdhh;/ mth; fhty;Jiwf;F jfty; mspg;gjhft[k; vd;dplk; Twpdhh;/ vd;Dila rnfhjuh;
,we;Jtpl;ljhy; ehd; mjph;r;rpaile;J m';F mGJbfhz;L mkh;e;jpUe;njd;/ jw;nghJ c';fsplk; vd;d ele;jJ vd;gijf;
Twpf;bfhz;oUf;fpnwd;/ vd;Dila rnfhjuiuf; bfhd;w b$aghy;. nrtpah; kw;Wk; b$arPyp Mfpnahh;kPJ eltof;if vLf;FkhW c';fis ntz;Lfpnwd;/@
4/ tprhuizapy;. mth;fs;. kuzKw;wth; j";rht{Uf;F bry;y mtUila tPl;iltpl;L te;jhh; vd;Wk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsUk; kw;w Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fSk; mth;fSila tPl;ow;F btspna epd;Wbfhz;oUe;jdh; vd;Wk;. kuzKw;wth; mth;fSila tPl;oid mile;jt[ld;. 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; gJ';fpapUe;J mth;kPJ gha;e;jhh; vd;Wk;. 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; Xh; mUthisf;bfhz;L mtiuj; jhf;fpajpy; mJ mth;nky;gltpy;iy vd;Wk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; xU
Th;Kidf; fUtpiaf;bfhz;L mtiuj; jhf;fp. khh;gpd; ,lJ gFjpapy; fhak; tpistpj;jhh; vd;Wk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsUk;. 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltUk; j';fSila
Th;Kidf; fUtpiaa[k;. mUthisa[k; J}f;fp vwpe;Jtpl;L Xotpl;ldh; vd;Wk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; fha';fsile;J. j";rht{h; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp kUj;Jtkidapy;
//7// mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhh; vd;Wk;. K/j/m/?,y; vLj;Jiuj;jjw;nfw;g fpl;lj;jl;l mnj thf;FK:yk; mspj;jth;fshd fz;Qqw;w rhl;rpfshf brhy;yg;gl;l m/rh/1 Kjy; m/rh/4 tiuapyhdth;fspd; rhl;rpaj;jpd;kPJ muRj;jug;ghdJ. kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; rhh;e;Jepd;wJ/
4/1/ mjw;Fkhwhf. kuzKw;wth;. 5 my;yJ 6 ngUld; nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tPl;ow;F te;J fjit cilj;J jpwe;jhh; vd;Wk;. mUthis itj;jpUe;j kuzKw;wth;. 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; (nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; kidtp) fjit g{l;l
Kad;wnghJ mtiuj; js;sptpl;lhh; vd;Wk;. kuzKw;wth; nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; kidtpapd; g[litia ,Gj;J. mtUila ,utpf;ifia fpHpj;jhh; vd;Wk;
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fspd; rhh;ghf fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. kuzKw;wtiu mt;tplj;ijtpl;Lr; bry;YkhW ntz;of;nfl;Lf;bfhz;lnghjpYk;. mth; mt;tplj;ijtpl;Lr; bry;yhjjhy; nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. mtUila kidtpiag; ghJfhf;Fk;bghUl;L jw;fhg;g[ chpikiag; gad;gLj;Jk;ntisapy;. ijay;
,ae;jpuj;jpDila fj;jhpf;nfhiyf;bfhz;L kuzKw;wthpd; khh;gpd;kPJ Fj;jpdhh; vd;Wk;. kuzKw;wth; fPnH tpGe;jnghJ. kw;wth;fs; rk;gt ,lj;jpypUe;J brd;Wtpl;ldh; vd;Wk; brhy;yg;gl;lJ/ Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fs;. rk;gtj;jpy; j';fSila Tw;Wf;F Mjuthf ,uz;L rhl;rpfisa[k; tprhhpj;jdh;/
5/ rhl;rpaj;jpd; kjpg;gPl;od;nghpy;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wkhdJ jd;Dila
27/6/2000?Mk; njjpapl;l jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; cj;jutpd; K:yk;. vjph;j;jug;g[ Tw;iw epuhfhpj;J. kuzKw;wthpd; clypd; Kf;fpa gFjpapy; nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; fhak; tpistpj;jhh; vd;gJ epahakhd re;njfj;jpw;fg;ghy; epU:gpf;fg;gl;ljhff;
//8// fz;lwpe;jJ/ Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhd nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; kw;Wk; 2?Mk;
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; bray;fs; bfhiyf;Fw;wKilad vd;Wk;. mth;fs;. Kiwna
,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302?,d; fPGk; ,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302-34?,d; fPGk; jz;of;fj;jf;f
Fw;w';fSf;fhf Fw;wthspfs; vd jPh;g;gspf;f tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; Kw;gl;lJ/ 2?Mk;
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhy; elj;j Kw;gl;l jhf;Fjiy kuzKw;wth; jLj;jhh;. Mdhy;. kuzKw;wth; jg;gpf;f Kad;wnghJ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; Th;Kidf; fUtpiaf;bfhz;L mtiu Fj;jpdhh; vd;w bghUz;ikfs; bka;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;gspj;jJ/ MapDk; 2 taJ kw;Wk; 4 khj';fs; Md ,U
FHe;ijfis itj;jpUf;fpd;wtuhd 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhd nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; kidtp. Fw;wj;jpy; g';bfLj;Js;sJ bjhlh;ghd muRj;jug;g[ tHf;if ek;ghky; tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; mtiu tpLjiy bra;jJ kw;Wk; mth; ve;jbthU Ma[jj;ija[k; itj;jpUe;jjhf ve;j rhl;rpa[k; Fw;w";rhl;ltpy;iy/ tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; kw;wtw;wpw;fpilapy; fPH;f;fhQqkhW fUj;jwptpj;jpUe;jJ:-
@53/ ///// F/rh/2?,d; jhf;Fjy; jLf;fg;gl;lnghJ.
Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; mtiu fPnH js;sptpl;L Xotpl;lhh; vd;gJ m/rh/1 Kjy; 4 tiuapyhdth;fspd; rhd;whFk;/ g{e;ijbrHpad; fPnH tpGtjw;F Kd;ngh my;yJ gpd;dnuh mtiu F/rh/3?k; jhf;fpdhh; vd;gJ muRj;jug;gpDila tHf;F tptuky;y/ F/rh/2. g{e;ijbrHpaid jhf;fpanghJ. mij mth; jLj;jhh; vd;gJk;. mth; Xltpl Kad;wnghJ F/rh/1 mtiu Fj;jpdhh; vd;gJk; m/rh/1
Kjy; 4 tiuapyhdth;fspd; rhl;rpak; vd;fpwnghJ. F/rh/3 mtiu tHpkwpj;jhh; vd;gJk; Vw;fg;glt[k;. ek;gg;glt[k; KoahJ/ nkYk;.
//9// rk;gtnjjpad;W. rk;gtneuj;jpy;. 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;. Rkhh;
2 taJ kw;Wk; 4 khj';fs; Md jd;Dila ,U FHe;ijfSld;
,Ue;jhh; vd;gJ kWj;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy/ mj;jifa N:H;epiyapy;.
F/rh/1 kw;Wk; F/rh/2?cld; F/rh/3 nrh;e;Jbfhz;L. kuzKw;wtiu tHpkwpj;J bfhiybra;a mth;fSf;F cjtpdhh; vd;w muRj;jug;gpd; tHf;if Vw;Wf;bfhs;tJ fodkhdjhFk;/ Mjyhy;. ,/j/r/. gphpt[
JUDGMENT
341. 302 c-,/ 34?,d; fPH; tidag;gl;l Fw;wr;rhl;L F/rh/3?f;F vjpuhf bka;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w Kotpw;Ftu ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F muRj;jug;gpd; rhl;rpak; nghJkhdjhf,y;iy/ Mdhy;. 1?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;bfjpuhf gphpt[ 302?,d; fPHhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lk;. F/rh/2?f;F vjpuhf,/j/r/ gphpt[ 302 c-,/ gphpt[ 34?,d; fPHhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lk; typikahft[k;. ek;gj;jf;fjhft[k; kw;Wk; bka;g;gpf;f nghJkhdjhft[k; cs;sJ vd;gnj muRj;jug;g[ rhl;rpakhFk;/@ 6/ jw;nghija nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; kw;Wk; 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhyhd,k;nky;KiwaPl;oy;. bkl;uh!; cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ. jd;Dila 21/2/2008?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; cj;jutpy;.,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302?,d; fPH; nky;KiwaPl;lhsiu Fw;wthspbad jPh;g;gspj;jJ Fwpj;J tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gjpag;gl;l fhz;Kot[fspy; FWf;fpLtijg; ghprPypf;f fhuzk; VJk; fhztpy;iy/ Mdhy;. 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf brhy;yg;gl;l Ma[jj;jpw;Fhpa fha';fs; kuzKw;wthpd; cly;kPJ fz;lwpag;gltpy;iy vd;Wk;. 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;bfjpuhd tHf;fpy; Xh; Iag;ghl;il gjpt[ bra;a[kst[f;F ePjpkd;wk;Kd;g[ rhl;rpfis tprhhpj;j rkaj;jpy;. mth;fs; j';fsJ //10// rhd;Wiufspy; khWghL bra;Jtpl;ldh; vd;Wkhd fhuz';fspd;nghpy; 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltiu tpLtpj;jJ/ 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltiug; bghWj;jtiuapy; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fhz;Kot[fs; fPH;f;fz;lthW gaDilatifapy; vLFwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ:- @10/ F/rh/2?I bghWj;jtiu. mthplk; mUths;,Ue;jJ vd;gJk;. mjid mth; gad;gLj;jpdhh; vd;gJk; muRj;jug;ghy; tprhhpf;fg;gl;l rhl;rpfspd; Tw;whFk;/ Mdhy;. mjw;Fhpa fha';fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy F/rh/2?,lk; mUths; itj;jpUe;J. mij gad;gLj;jt[k; bra;jhh; vdf; Tw muRj;jug;g[ rhl;rpfs; Kd;te;jdh;/ muRj;jug;gpd; Tw;Wg;go. KjypypUe;J bjhl';fpdhy;. F/rh/2 mUths; itj;jpUe;jhh;/ Mdhy;. fhak; VJk; tpistpf;fg;gltpy;iy. mJ vspjhfnt jLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ/ Mdhy;. rhl;rpfs; ePjpkd;wk;Kd;g[ tprhhpf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; khWghL bra;Js;sjhy;. F/rh/2 rk;gtaplj;jpy; mUthSld;,Ue;jhuh> mjw;Fhpa fha';fs; VJk; fhzg;glhjjhy; kuzKw;wtiu mth; jhf;fpdhuh> vd;DbkhU Iag;ghl;il mJ gjpf;fpwJ/ F/rh/2 Fwpj;J,r;rhl;rpfspd; rhl;rpak; Iag;ghl;il gjpf;fpwJ vdnt.,ij xU rhd;whf vLj;Jf;bfhs;sf;TlhJ. Vbddpy;,J re;njf';fshy; N:Hg;gl;Ls;sJ/,r;N:H;epiyfspy; F/rh/2?I Fwpj;j muRj;jug;g[ tHf;fhd mg;gFjpia ek;goahJ/ *** *** *** //11// 13/ F/rh/2?Ig; bghWj;jtiuapy;. rhl;rpakhdJ epahakhd Iag;ghLfshy; N:Hg;gl;Ls;sJ vd,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fhzKofpwJ. vdnt. F/rh/2 tpLjiy bra;ag;gLtjw;Fhpatuhthh;/ mjw;fpz';f. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jhy; F/rh/2 kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l Fw;w kw;Wk; jz;lidj;jPh;g;g[ ePf;fwt[ bra;ag;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; mth; Fw;wr;rhl;oypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwhh;/ mth; mguhjj; bjhif VJk; brYj;jpapUe;jhy;. mthplk; jpUg;gpf;bfhLf;fntz;Lk;/ mtuhy; vGjpf;bfhLf;fg;gl;l gpizg;gj;jpuk; Kot[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ/@ 7/ nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; Fw;wr;braYf;fhf,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302?,d; fPH; mtUila Fw;w kw;Wk; jz;lidj;jPh;g;ig cah; ePjpkd;wk; cWjp bra;jjw;fhf. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; (1?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;),k;nky;KiwaPl;ilj; jhf;fy; bra;Js;shh;/ mt;thW cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; cj;juit vjph;j;J. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tPl;ow;Fs; rl;lj;jpw;F g[wk;ghf EiHe;j kuzKw;wth;. mtUila kidtpiaj; jhf;fp. ghypay; bjhe;jut[ bfhLg;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;Fj;jhd; nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; Kad;wjhy;. mth; jw;fhg;g[ chpikia ey;byz;zj;jpd;ghy; gad;gLj;jpajhf xU bjspthd tHf;Fjhd;,t;tHf;F vd;Wk;.,aw;ifahd N:H;epiyapy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; mtUf;F fpilj;j bghUisf;bfhz;L kuzKw;wtiu jhf;fpa[s;shh; vd;Wk; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; tYthf thjpl;lhh;. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; jw;fhg;g[ Fwpj;J thjpltpy;iybad;whY';Tl. mJ gjpthtzj;jpYs;s rhd;whjhu';fspypUe;J mj;jifabjhU thjk; vGe;jhy; mJ ghprPypg;gjw;FhpajhFk; kw;Wk; gjpthtzj;jpYs;s rhd;whjuj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mt;thjj;jpw;F Mjuthf //12// epfHf;Toa TWfs; tp";rpapUg;gij fhz;gpg;gjd;K:yk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhy; mf;flg;ghL tpLtpf;fg;glKoa[k; vd;W fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; rkh;g;gpj;jhh;/ fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h;. Kdpc&p,uhk; kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;? jpy;yp eph;thfk;: (1968) 2 v!;/rp/Mh; 455; n$k;!; khh;od; ?vjph;? nfus muR: (2004) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 203; jh;c&d; rp'; ?vjph;? g";rhg; muR kw;Wk; xUth;: (2010) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 333; kw;Wk; RFkhud; ?vjph;? muR: 2019 v!;/rp/rp/ Md;iyd; v!;/rp/ 339 nghd;w tHf;Ffs; cl;gl gy;ntW jPh;Kot[fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;/ fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"hpd; Tw;Wg;go. gjpthtzj;jpYs;s bghUz;ikfspd;nghpYk;. N:H;epiyfspd; tifapYk; jw;fhg;g[ chpikf;fhd tHf;F vd;gJ Vw;Wf;bfhs;tjw;FhpajhFk;/ vg;goapUe;jhYk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tPl;ow;Fs; kuzKw;wth; EiHe;J. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; FLk;gj;jpw;F jP';F tpistpf;f Kad;whh; vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhf. jw;nghija tHf;fhdJ. xU jpOh;r; rz;ilahy; jpObud fL";rpdk; bfhz;ljdhy; Vw;gl;l tHf;fhf,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; thjpl;lhh;/ Mfnt. fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"hpd; Tw;Wg;go. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; bray; bfhiyf;Fw;wj;jpw;F tHptFf;fhJ kw;Wk; nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; my;yJ kuzj;ij mnefkhf tpistpf;ff;Toa mj;jifa clw;fhaj;ij tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;J VJk; bfhz;oUf;fhjtplj;J.,J bgUk;ghYk; kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wtHf;fhf,Uf;Fk;/,e;j thj';fSf;F Mjuthf g[j;jp rp'; ?vjph;?,khr;ryg; gpunjr khepy muR: (2012) 13 v!;/rp/rp/ 663 kw;Wk; Rnud; rp'; ?vjph;? g";rhg; khepy muR: (2017) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 796 vd;w tHf;Ffspd; jPh;Kot[fis fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; Fwpg;gpl;L. rhh;t[w;whh;/ //13// 8/ mjw;Fkhwhf. vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; gifikapd; fhuzkhf kuzKw;wthpd;,wg;ig tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;J bfhz;oUe;jhh; vd;Wk;. nfs;tpf;Fhpa rk;gtj;jpw;F Kd;g[. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; kuzKw;wtiu bfhiybra;a[k; mtUila cl;fUj;ij Iaj;jpw;fplkpd;wp bjhptpj;jpUe;jhh; vd;Wk; thjpl;lhh;/ rk;gt,lkhdJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tPl;ow;F vjph;jpirapYs;s rhiyapy;,Ue;jJ vd;w bghUz;ikiar; rhl;rpfs; epiyehl;oa[s;sdh; vd;Wk;. Fwpg;gpl;l N:H;epiyfspy;. jw;fhg;g[ chpikiag; gad;gLj;jpajw;fhd my;yJ rpdkile;jjw;fhd. jpOh; rz;ilapl;ljw;fhdjy;y,t;tHf;F vd;Wk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; bra;ifahdJ kuzKw;wth;kPJ Xh; Mgj;jhd Ma[[jj;ijf;bfhz;L mtUila clypd; Kf;fpa gFjpapd;kPJ,ay;ghf kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; fhaj;ij tpistpj;jjd; fhuzkhf.,/j/r/?,d; Kjd;ik gFjpahd gphpt[ 300?,d; fPHhf Kw;wpYk; bghUe;Jk; vd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; rkh;g;gpj;jhh;/ vdnt. fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"hpd; Tw;Wg;go. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;.,/j/r/. gphpt[ 300?,d; VbjhU tpjptpyf;Ffspd; gaDf;Fk; chpika[ilatuhfkhl;lhh; vd;gjhFk;/ g[ypnrh;yh ehfuh$^ vd;fpw ehfuh$ bul;o ?vjph;? Me;jpug; gpunjr khepy muR: (2006) 11 v!;/rp/rp/ 444 kw;Wk; Flhh; J!hj; ?vjph;? gPfhh; khepy muR: (1972) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 118 vd;w tHf;fpd; jPh;Kot[fis fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; Fwpg;gpl;L. rhh;t[w;whh;/ 9/ vjpbujph; gzpe;Jiufis mf;fiwa[ld; ghprPypj;Jk; bghUe;jj;jf;f rl;lk; Fwpj;j gjpthtzj;ij Muha;e;Jk;. Fwpg;gpl;l bghUz;ikfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfspd; bjhFg;igg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. bfhiyahfhj kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wr;braYf;fhf,/j/r/. gphpt[ 304 gFjp I?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf //14// nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; Fw;wthspbad jPh;khdpg;gjw;Fhpath; vd;W eh';fs; bjspthff; fUJfpnwhk;/ 10/ kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;w,/j/r/. gphpt[ 299?,d; Kjd;ikahd gFjpahdJ fPH;f;fhQqkhW vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:- @299/ kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wk; ? kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;Jld; my;yJ kuzj;ij mnefkhf tpistpf;ff;Toa cly; fhaj;ij tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;Jld; my;yJ mj;jifa bra;ifahy; jhk; kuzk; mnefkhf tpistpf;ff;TLk; vd;w mwpt[ld;. xU bra;ifiar; bra;tjd;K:yk; kuzk; tpistpf;fpw vtbuhUtUk; kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wj;ijr; bra;jtuhthh;/ 10/1/ bfhiyf;Fw;wj;ij Fwpf;Fk;,/j/r/. gphpt[ 300?,d; Kjd;ikahd gFjp gpd;tUkhW:- @300 bfhiy ?,jw;Fg;gpd; tpyf;fg;gl;Ls;s neh;t[fspy; jtpu. ve;j bra;if kuzj;ij tpistpf;fpwnjh me;j bra;if kuzj;ij tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;njhL bra;ag;gl;oUf;fpwbjd;why; my;yJ ?,uz;lhtjhf ? jP';F bra;ag;gLfpwtUf;F kuzj;ij mnefkhf tpistpf;ff;TLk; vd;W Fw;wthsp mwpe;J. mj;jifa clw;fhaj;ij tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;Jld; mJ bra;ag;gLfpwbjd;why; my;yJ ? //15// K:d;whtjhf ? vtUf;nfDk; clw;fhaj;ij tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;Jld; mJ bra;ag;gl;L. cz;lhf;f fUjpa me;j clw;fhakhdJ.,aw;ifapd; rhjhuz nghf;fpy; kuzj;ij cz;lhf;Ftjw;Fg; nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fpwbjd;why; my;yJ ? ehd;fhtjhf ? me;jr; bra;ifiar; bra;fpd;wth;/ mJ. bgUk;ghYk; cWjpahf epfH;jw;Fhpa kuzj;ijnah my;yJ kuzj;ij mnefkhf tpistpf;ff;Toa clw;fhaj;ijnah tpistpf;fnt bra;a[k; vd;Dk; mst[f;F cldo mghafukhdJ vd;gij mwpe;J. kuzj;ijnah. nkw;brhd;dthwhd mj;jifa fhaj;ijnah tpistpf;Fk; Mgj;ij nkw;bfhs;tjw;F ahbjhU fhuzKkpy;yhky; mj;jifa bra;ifahdJ bra;thuhdhy;. kuzj;ij tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wk; bfhiyf; Fw;wkhFk;/@ 10/2/,/j/r/. gphpt[ 300?,y;. bfhiyf;Fw;wj;jpd; nkw;Twg;gl;l tpthpg;g[ vd;gJ Ie;J tpyf;FfSf;Fl;gl;ljhFk;/ mjDila tpyf;Ffs; 1. 2 kw;Wk; 4 jw;nghija nehf;fj;jpw;F bjhlh;g[ilajhf,Ug;gjhy;.,ij fPH;f;fhQqkhWk; Fwpg;g[ vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;glKoa[k;:- @tpyf;F 1 ? kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wk;. vg;bghGJ bfhiyf; Fw;wkhfhJ - Fw;wthsp fLikahft[k; jpObud;Wk; Mj;jpuK:l;lg;gl;L. jk;ik mlf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jpia,He;jepiyapy;. Mj;jpuK:l;oatUila kuzj;ij tpistpj;jhy; my;yJ ntW vtUila kuzj;ij jtWjyhf my;yJ jw;brayhf //16// tpistpj;jhy; kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wk; bfhiyf;Fw;wkhfhJ/ nkw;fz;l tpyf;F gpd;tUk; epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;:- Kjyhtjhf ? Mj;jpuK:l;lg;gLjyhdJ. vth; xUtiua[k; bfhiy bra;tjw;F my;yJ mtUf;F jP';fpiHg;gjw;F rhf;fhf Fw;wthspahy; ehlg;gl;ljhfnth my;yJ jd;dpr;irahf J}z;lg;gl;ljhfnth,Uj;jyhfhJ/,uz;lhtjhf ? mj;jifa Mj;jpuK:l;LjyhdJ. rl;lj;jpw;F fPH;goe;J bra;ag;gl;l vjdhnyDk;. my;yJ xU bghJ CHpah; mj;jifa bghJ CHpah; vd;w Kiwapy; rl;lg;go brYj;jpa mjpfhu';fs; vtw;wpdhnyDk; Vw;gl;oUj;jyhfhJ/ K:d;whtjhf ? Mj;jpuK:l;LjyhdJ. jw;fhg;g[hpikiar; rl;lg;go gad;gLj;Jk;nghJ. bra;ag;gl;l vjdhnyDk; Vw;gl;oUj;jyhfhJ/ tpsf;fk; ? mj;jifa Mj;jpuK:l;LjyhdJ. mf;Fw;wj;ijf; bfhiyf; Fw;wkhfhky; jLf;fg;nghJkhd mst[[ fLikahdjhft[k;. jpObud Vw;gl;ljhft[k;.,Ue;jjh> vd;gJ r';fjp gw;wpa gpur;rpidahFk;/ tpyf;F 2 ? ey;byz;zj;jpy; clypy; my;yJ brhj;jpd; jw;fhg;g[hpikiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rl;lk; mtUf;Ff; bfhLj;Js;s mjpfhuj;ija[k; kp";rp vtUf;bfjpuhf mj;jifa jw;fhg;g[hpikiag; gad;gLj;Jfpwhnuh. mtUila kuzj;ij Kd; Mnyhrid,y;yhkYk;. mj;jifa jw;fhg;gpd; bghUl;L njitahdjw;Fk; //17// mjpfkhd jP';if tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;jpy;yhkYk;. Fw;wthsp kuzj;ij tpistpg;ghuhdhy;. kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wk;. bfhiyf; Fw;wkhfhJ/ *** *** *** tpyf;F 4 ? Fw;wthsp jfhjKiwapy; jkf;F mDTyk; njof;bfhs;Sk;tifapy;,y;yhknyh my;yJ bfhL:ukhd my;yJ mrhjhuzkhd Kiwapy; ele;J bfhs;shknyh jpOh;j; jfuhwpy; cz;lhd czh;r;rp ntfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l jpOh;r; rz;ilapy; kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wk; Kd; Mnyhridapd;wp bra;ag;gl;lhy;. mJ bfhiyf;Fw;wkhfhJ/ tpsf;fk; ?,j;jifa re;jh;g;g';fspy; ve;j jug;gpdh; Mj;jpuK:l;l Kidfpwhh; my;yJ Kjy; jhf;Fjiyr; bra;fpwhh; vd;gJ bghUl;ld;W/ *** *** ***@ 10/3/,/j/r/. gphpt[ 302 bfhiyf;Fw;wj;jpw;fhd jz;lidia tH';Fifapy; jd;Dila gphpt[ 304 bfhiyahfhj kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wj;jpw;fhd jz;lidia mspf;fpwJ/ mjd; bghUj;jKilikf;fhf,/j/r/. gphpt[ 304?I fPH;f;fhQqkhW ehk; vLFwpg;gplyhk;:- @304/ bfhiyf;Fw;wkhfhj. kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wj;jpw;fhd jz;lid ? bfhiyf;Fw;wkhfhj kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; Fw;wj;ijr; bra;fpw vtbwhUtUk; Ma[s; rpiwj;jz;lidnah. my;yJ gj;J //18// Mz;Lfs; tiu ePof;ff;Toa xU fhy mst[f;F rpiwj;jz;lid tiffs;,uz;oy; xd;W tpjpj;J jz;of;fg;gLjy; ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; my;yJ mnefkhf kuzk; tpistpf;ff;Toa clw;fhaj;ij tpistpf;Fk; cl;fUj;Jld; kuzk; tpistpf;Fk; bray; bra;ag;gLkhdhy; mtiu mguhjj;jpw;F cs;shf;ft[k; bra;ayhk;. my;yJ kuzk; mnefkhf kuzj;ij tpistpf;ff;TLk; vd;W mwpe;J. Mdhy; kuzk; tpistpf;fnth my;yJ kuzj;ij mnefkhf tpistpf;ff;Toa mj;jifa clw;fhaj;ij tpistpf;fnth ve;j cl;fUj;Jkpd;wp. mr;bra;if bra;ag;gl;lhy;. gj;J Mz;Lfs;tiu ePof;ff;Toa xU fhy mst[f;Fr; rpiwj;jz;lid tiffs;,uz;oy; xd;nwh my;yJ mguhjnkh my;yJ,uz;Lnkh tpjpj;Jj; jz;of;fg;gLjy; ntz;Lk;/@ 11/ eh';fs; jug;gpdh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"uhy; nkw;nfhs;fhl;lg;gl;l jPh;Kot[fisj; jw;nghJ RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpLfpnwhk;/ 11/1/,/j/r/. gphpt[ 300?,y; cs;s @K:d;whtjhf@ vd;w Twpd; bray;ghl;ilg; bghWj;jkl;oy; (nkw;fz;l) Fjhh; J!hj; vd;w tHf;fpd; nfhl;ghLfs; VbjhU gpur;rpidf;Fhpaitahft[kpy;iy. Mdhy;. mJnt xt;bthU tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfSf;nfw;g bghUe;jf;TLk;/ jug;gpdh;fSf;fpilna Kd;tpnuhjk;,Ue;Jte;jJ vd;gija[k; rk;gtj;jpw;F miukzpneuj;jpw;F Kd;g[. kuzKw;wthpd; je;ija[k;. rnfhjuUk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; kw;Wk; mtUila //19// je;ijahuhy; jhf;fg;gl;oUe;jdh; vd;gija[k;. kuzKw;wth; nky;KiwaPl;lhsiu jhf;ff;TLk; vd;W czh;tjw;fhd VbjhU fhuzKk; bjd;gltpy;iy vd;gija[k; (nkw;fz;l) g[ypnrh;yh ehfuh$^ vd;w tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfspd;nghpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk; fz;lJ/,f;Fwpg;gpl;l bghUz;ik N:Hiktpy;. kpFe;j gyj;J[ld; Fj;jp clypd; Kf;fpa gFjpapy; fhak; tpistpj;j nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; bra;ifahdJ bfhiyf;Fw;wkhFk; vd,e;ePjpkd;wk; fz;lwpe;jJ/ 11/2/ jw;fhg;g[hpik vd;w thjkhdJ Mtzr;rhd;WfspypUe;J vGkhdhy; ghprPypf;fg;glyhk; vd;Wk;. mt;thjj;jpw;F Mjuthf epfH;jw;Fhpa TWfspd; tp";rpa epiyg;ghl;oidf; fhz;gpg;gjd; K:yk; Rkj;jg;gl;l bghWg;ghdJ Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhy; tpLtpf;fg;glKoa[k; vd;Wk; Kd;c&p,uhkpd; nfhl;ghLfSk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; rhh;ghf nkw;nfhs;fhl;lg;gl;l jPh;Kot[fSk; Iag;ghl;Lf;Fhpaitahft[kpy;iy. gpur;rpidf;Fhpaitahft[kpy;iy/ MapDk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; jw;fhg;g[ chpikia braw;ghl;ow;F bfhz;LtUk;bghUl;L. epahakhd mr;rj;ij fhz;gpf;f Koe;jjh> vd;gJ v";rpapUf;ff;Toa nfs;tpahFk;/ (nkw;fz;l) g[j;jp rp'; kw;Wk; Rnud; rp'; vd;w tHf;fpy;. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fSf;F mf;Fwpg;gpl;l tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfspd;go. gphpt[ 304 gFjp?I kw;Wk; gphpt[ 304. gFjp?II?,d; fPHhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Fw;wthspfbsd jPh;g;g[ tH';fg;gl;oUe;jJ/,Wjp gFg;gha;tpy;. Fw;wj;jpd; jd;ikiaf; fz;lwpa xt;bthU tHf;fpida[k; mjw;Fhpa bghUz;ikfspd;nghpy; Muhag;gl ntz;oajhfpwJ/ 12/ ifapypUf;Fk; tHf;if kPz;Lk; ftdpj;jhy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tPl;od; Kd;g[s;s re;ij kuzKw;wth; fle;Jbfhz;oUe;jnghJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. mtUila rnfhjuh; kw;Wk; mtUila kidtp Mfpnahh; mtiu,ilkwpj;J //20// j';fSila bghJthd fUj;ij epiwntw;Wk;tifapy; bray;gl;ldh; vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;LfSld; mth;fs; Kiwna 1. 2 kw;Wk; 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fshf thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh; vd;gJ,t;tHf;fpd; mog;gilahd TWfSs; xd;whf,Ue;jJ/ nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; rnfhjuh; (mjhtJ 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;) mUthshy; kuzKw;wtiu jhf;fpdhh; vd;Wk;. Mdhy; mtUila tPr;rhdJ. kuzKw;wtuhy; jLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;. 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; kuzKw;wtiu gJ';fpapUe;J jhf;fpdhh; vd;Wk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; kuzKw;wtiu Th;Kidf; fUtpahy; Fj;jpdhh; vd;Wk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; cs;s rhiyapd; vjph;j;jpirapy; rk;gtk; epfH;e;jJ vd;Wk; muRj;jug;g[ TwpaJ; Mdhy; mjw;Fkhwhf. kuzKw;wth; nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tPl;ow;Fs; jpObud g[Fe;J. nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; kidtpiaj; (mjhtJ 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;) jhf;fp. ghypay;hPjpahf Jd;g[Wj;j Kad;whh; vd;Wk;. jw;fhg;g[ chpikia gad;gLj;Jk;tifapy; nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; kuzKw;wth; jhf;fg;gl;lhh; vd;Wk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; rhh;gpy; Twg;gl;lJ/ eh';fs; rk;gtaplk; bjhlh;ghdJ cl;gl tHf;fpd; kw;w mk;r';fisa[k; rpwpJ neuj;jpw;F gpwF tpthjpf;fntz;Lk;/ muRj;jug;ghy; mt;thW mikf;fg;gl;l tHf;Fj; bjhlh;ghf. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wkhdJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; kw;Wk; 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltiu bghWj;jkl;oy;. m/rh/1 Kjy; m/rh/4 tiuapyhdth;fspd; rhl;rpaj;ij Vw;wf;bfhz;lhY';Tl. 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltiu bghWj;jtiu mij Vw;Wf;bfhs;stpy;iy vd;gJ,j;jWthapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. nkYk; mtUf;F vjpuhf Rkj;jg;gl;l Fw;wr;rhl;L bka;g;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy vdj; jPh;g;gspj;jJ/ nkYk;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jhy; 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; tpLjiyahdJ xUnghJk; //21// vjph;f;fg;gl;ljpy;iy/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsUk;. 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltUk; cah; ePjpkd;wk; Kd;ghd nky;KiwaPl;oy; mth;fSila Fw;w kw;Wk; jz;lidj;jPh;g;ig vjph;j;jdh;/ cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhsiug; bghWj;jtiuapy; muRj;jug;g[ tHf;if Vw;Wf;bfhz;L. mtUila Fw;w kw;Wk; jz;lidj;jPh;g;ig cWjp bra;jpUe;jhYk;. mnjrkaj;jpy;. 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; bjhlh;ghd muRj;jug;g[ tHf;if ek;ghky; mtiu tpLjiy bra;a Kw;gl;lJ/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nkw;Twg;gl;l fhz;Kot[fs; kw;Wk; 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; tpLjiya[k; muRj;jug;ghy; vjph;f;fg;gl;oUf;ftpy;iy/ tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; me;je;j jPh;Kot[fspd; epfuKotpy;. 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhd kw;Wk; 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltuhd nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; rnfhjuh; kw;Wk; kidtp Mfpnahiu bghWj;jtiu. muRj;jug;g[ tHf;fhdJ ek;gj;jfhjjhf fz;lwpag;gl;L epuhfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ nkw;fz;lthW. kuzKw;wtiu jhf;Fifapy; K:d;W Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fSk; xd;Wnrh;e;J braw;gl;Ls;sdh; kw;Wk; xt;bthU Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fSk; rk;gtj;jpy; mtuthpd; jdpg;gl;l g';Fld; bray;gl;ldh; vd;gJ muRj;jug;g[ rhl;rpfspd; Tw;WfshFk;/ jw;nghJ. 2?Mk; kw;Wk; 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fisg; bghWj;jtiuapy; muRj;jug;g[ tHf;fhdJ ek;gg;glhjnghJ. muRj;jug;g[ rhl;rpaj;jpy; nky;KiwaPl;lhsiu kl;Lk; rpf;fitj;jpUf;Fk; gFjpfis kw;w gFjpfspypUe;J gphpf;f,aYkh vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F vjpuhf kl;Lk; muRj;jug;g[ tHf;if Vw;Wf;bfhs;tJ ghJfhg;ghdjhf,Uf;Fkh vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; nfs;tpfs; fl;lhakhf vHf;TLk;/ //22// 13/ cld; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fs; tpLjiy bra;ag;gl;oUf;ifapy; xU Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; jz;lidj;jPh;g;gpd; jifik Fwpj;j nfs;tpahdJ. gy;ntW jPh;Kot[fspy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ftdj;ij <h;j;Js;sJ/ fle;jfhy jPh;Kot[fspy; tpsf;fpf;Twg;gl;l nfhl;ghLfisj; bjhlh;g[gLj;jp.,e;ePjpkd;wk;. ahnehg; nc&f; vd;fpw fhF ?vjph;? nkw;F t';f khepy muR. (2013) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 428 vd;w tHf;fpy;. cld; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fspd; tpLjiyna. kw;w Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fspd; tpLjiyapy; Kotjw;F nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fhJ vd;Wk;. Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfspy; xUtiuj; jtph;j;J. kw;bwhU Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; tpLjiyiar; braw;gLj;Jtjw;FKd;g[ ePjpkd;wkhdJ. rhpahd fz;nzhl;lj;jpy; xl;Lbkhj;j muRj;jug;g[ rhl;rpiaa[k; Muhantz;Lk;/ jy;gPh; rp'; ?vjph;? cwhpahdh khepy muR. (2008) 11 v!;/rp/rp/ 425 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wkhdJ. fpUc&;zh nkhr;rp ?vjph;? gPfhh; khepy muR. (2002) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 81 vd;w tHf;fpy; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l nfhl;ghLfis vLFwpg;gpl;L fPH;f;fz;lthW fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ: @13/ xd;wpd; bgha;ikna gytpd; bgha;ik vd;w nfhl;ghl;oidg; bghUj;jpf;fhl;Lifapy;. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l xUtiu Fw;wthspbad bka;g;gpf;f rhl;rpaj;jpd; bgUk;ghd;ikahd gFjpahdJ Fiwghlhf,Ue;jhY';Tl v";rpapUg;gJ nghJkhdjhFk;/ nkYk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kw;w cld; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fspd; tpLjiy bra;ag;gl;oUe;jhYk; mtUila Fw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;g[ epiyepWj;jg;glyhk;/ MapDk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kw;w //23// egh;fs; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fshf,Ue;jhy; ePjpkd;wkhdJ vr;rhpf;ifa[ld; rhl;rpaj;ij Ma;t[bra;antz;Lk;/ *51/ //// bey;ypypUe;J ckpia gphpj;bjLf;fyhk; vd;fpwtplj;J. kw;w Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fspd; Fw;wj;ij bka;g;gpf;f rhl;rpakhdJ Fiwghlhf cs;sbjd bghUz;ikapypUe;J mwpag;gl;oUg;gpDk;. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l xUthpd; Fw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;gspf;fntz;oaJ ePjpkd;wnkahFk;. mjhtJ ckpapypUe;J bey;iy gphpj;bjLg;gJ nghd;W. mJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; flikahFk;/ Fwpg;gpl;l Kf;fpa rhl;rpnah my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l Mjhunkh bgha;ahdjhapUf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy;. mJ Muk;gj;jpypUe;J,WjptiuapYk; ghjpg;ngw;gLj;jptplhJ/ xd;wpd; bgha;ikna gytpd; bgha;ik nfhl;ghlhdJ,e;jpahtpy; bghUe;jhJ kw;Wk; rhl;rpfis bgha;ah;fshf Kj;jpiuaplg;glKoahJ/ xd;wpd; bgha;ikna gytpd; bgha;ik (xU tplaj;jpd; bgha;ahdJ gy tplaj;jpYk; bgha;naahFk;) nfhl;ghlhdJ btt;ntW mjpfhutuk;gpy; bghJthf Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gLtJ,y;iy my;yJ,e;j K:JiuahdJ rl;ltpjpapd; jFjpiaa[k; bgwtpy;iy/,J xU vr;rhpf;if tpjp kl;Lnk/ mj;jifa tHf;Ffspy; rhd;WiuahdJ g[wf;fzpf;fg;glyhk; kw;Wk; mJ g[wf;fzpf;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;gjy;y vd;gijna,itaht[k; czh;j;Jfpd;wd/ nfhl;ghlhdJ rhl;rpa kjpg;gPL //24// vd;w tpdhitj;jhd; cs;slf;fpa[s;sJ. mjid ePjpkd;wk; xU Fwpg;gplg;gl;l bjhFg;g[r; N:H;epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;syhnk jtpu.,J *xU fl;lha rhd;Wtpjp* vd;W miHf;fg;glyhfhJ/ (ghh;f;f: ep!hh; myp ?vjph;? cj;jpug;gpunjr khepy muR. (V/I/Mh;/ 1957 v!;/rp/ 366)/ mspf;fg;gl;l neuo rhd;Wiu xd;nw vd;gijg; bghWj;jkl;oy;. Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fs; midtUf;Fk; vjpuhf rhl;rpakpUe;jhYk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fspy; rpyh;. tpLjiy bra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhnyna Fw;wthspfbsd jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;sth;fSk; tpLjiy bra;ag;glntz;Lk; vd;wbjhU mtrpakhd Tw;Wf;F tHptFj;JtplhJ/ Fw;wthspfbsd jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;lth;fsplkpUe;J tpLjiy bra;ag;gl;l Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth;fis ntWgLj;jpf;fhl;l ntz;oaJ vg;bghGJnk ePjpkd;wj;jpd; flikahFk;/ (ghh;f;f: Fh;ruz; rp'; ?vjph;? g";rhg; khepy muR. (V/I/Mh;/ 1956 v!;/rp/ 460)?,d; nfhl;ghlhdJ Fwpg;ghf,e;jpahtpy; Mgj;jhd xd;whFk;. Vbdd;why; rhl;rpahdth; xUrpy tplaj;jpy; cz;ikaw;wtw;iw ngRfpwhh; vd;gJ g[yg;gLk;nghJ. xl;Lbkhj;j rhd;Wk; epuhfhpf;fg;gl ntz;oajhfptpl;lhy;. Fw;wtpay; ePjp tH';FKiwahdJ Kw;wpYk; gadw;wjhfptpLk; vd;W m";rg;glntz;oajhfpwJ/ rhl;rpfs; xU fijia fw;gid eakhff; TWtjw;F //25// cjtpbra;JtplKoahJ vd;whYk; Kf;fpakhdjpy; cz;ik,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ Mfnt. rhl;rpakhdJ ve;j mstpw;F Vw;fj;jFe;jJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J xt;bthU tHf;fpYk; kjpg;gplg;glntz;Lk;. nkYk;. ePjpkd;wkhdJ. xU rhl;rpapd; rhd;WiukPJ ek;gpf;if itg;gjw;fhf. xUrpy tpla';fspy;. mJ nghjhf;Fiwahf,Ug;gjhf fUJtjhnyna.,J midj;J tiffspYnk g[wf;fzpf;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;gij rl;ltpc&akhf gpd;gw;w ntz;oajpy;iy/ rhl;rpaj;ij ftdKld; juk; gphpf;fntz;Lk;/ nkw;Twg;gl;l fUj;JiuahdJ. bey;kzp mst[Tl cz;ikapy;yhj my;yJ ve;jtpjj;jpYk; kpifg;gLj;Jjnyh. g[idjnyh my;yJ fw;gid eankh mw;wbjhU rhl;rpakspf;Fk; rhl;rp xUtiu fhz;gJ mhpJ vd;gjw;fhd rPhpa tpjpay;y/ (ghh;f;f: nrhug; ?vjph;? kj;jpag;gpunjr khepy muR. [(1972) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 751] kw;Wk; cfh; mcwph; ?vjph;? gPfhh; khepy muR. [V/I/Mh;/ 1965 v!;/rp/ 277] ckpapypUe;J bey;iyg; gphpj;bjLg;gJnghy; vd;w eakpf;f cUtfj;jpd;go bgha;ikapypUe;J tha;ikiag; gphpj;bjLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rp nkw;bfhs;sg;glntz;Lk;/ bey;Yk; ckpa[k; gphpj;bjLf;f Koahj mst[f;F fye;jpUg;gijg;nghd;W bgha;ikapypUe;J tha;ikia gphpj;bjLg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhfptpl;lhy;. //26// gphpj;bjLf;Fk; eilKiwapy; muRj;jug;ghy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l njitahd tptu';fisa[k;. mit ve;jg; gpd;dzpapypUe;J mspf;fg;gl;ld vd;gija[k; mg;bghUsiktpypUe;J ePf;Ftjd; K:yk; Kw;wpYk; xU g[jpa tHf;F mikf;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;fpwtplj;J. mijr; bra;tjw;F,Uf;ff;Toa xnu tHp rhl;rpaj;ij Kw;wpYkhf ePf;FtnjahFk;/ (ghh;f;f: $ptp';fpsp Vhpay; ?vjph;? kj;jpag;gpunjr khepy muR. [V/I/Mh; 1957 v!;/rp/ 15] kw;Wk; ghyhf;fh rp'; ?vjph;? g";rhg; khepy muR [(1975) 4 v!;/rp/rp/ 511])/,uh$!;jhd; khepy muR ?vjph;? fy;fp (1981) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 752 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lthW fUj;Jg;gjptpy; Vw;gLk; rhjhuz gpiHfs; fhuzkhft[k;. fhyk; fle;jjd; fhuzkhf epidthw;wypy; Vw;gLk; rhjhuz gpiHfSk;. rk;gt neuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mjph;r;rp kw;Wk; ngur;rk; nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk; kdkhw;wk; fhuzkhft[k; rhl;rpaj;jpy; rhjhuz Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; xU rhl;rp neh;ikahdtuhft[k;. cz;ikahdtuhft[k;,Ue;jhY';Tl.,itaht[k; vg;bghGJnk,Ug;gitna/ rhd;whjhu Kuz;ghLfs; rhjhuzkhdita[ky;y. xU rhjhuz kdpjd; vjph;g;ghh;f;ff;ToaJky;y/ ePjpkd;w';fs; ve;jbthU Kuz;ghl;il tifg;gLj;jyhnkh. me;j tifapid //27// Fwpj;Jitj;Jf;bfhs;sntz;Lk;/ rhjhuz Kuz;ghLfs; xU jug;gpdUila tHf;fpd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiar; rpijf;fKoahJ vd;whYk; rhd;whjhu Kuz;ghLfs; mt;thW bra;a[k;/ 13/1/ vdnt. bgha;ikapypUe;J tha;ikiag; gphpg;gJ vd;gJ. mit,uz;Lk; gphpf;fbtz;zhepiyapy; fye;jpUg;gjd; fhuzkhf mJ rhj;jpakpy;iy vd,e;ePjpkd;wk; fz;lwpe;jtplj;J. muRj;jug;g[ rhl;rpak; xl;Lbkhj;jkhf[1] epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ/ MapDk;. kw;w tHf;Ffspd;2 bghUz;ikfs;nghpy; cld; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; tpLjiyahdJ. Fw;wthspbad jPh;;g;g[ tH';fg;gl;l Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;F gadspf;fhJ/ 14/ jw;nghija tHf;fpy;; K:d;W Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fSk; kuzKw;wtiu rhiyapy; tHpkwpj;jdh;. nkYk;.,uz;L Mz; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fs; (nky;KiwaPl;lhsUk; 2?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;ltUk;). mtuth; Ma[jj;ij itj;J jhf;fpa mnjntisapy;. 3?Mk; Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;lth; kuzKw;wtiu Xltplhky; jLj;jhh; vd;wtpjj;jpYk; epfH;t[fis muRj;jug;g[ rhl;rpfs; tpthpj;jdh; vd;gij kPz;Lk; typa[Wj;JtJ gaDs;sjhfntapUf;Fk;/ Fw;w";rhl;lg;gl;l egh;fspd; fhythpirKiwahd my;yJ thpirahd bra;iffs;. btt;ntW rhd;Wiufspy; rw;W ntWgl;oUe;jd. Mdhy;. rhl;rpfs; kw;wtifapy; ek;gj;jFe;jth;fshft[k;.