462f775ca10b643466068265f20e7e9248ef48d956cbc3458c16ed84c9ef9c33

1976. fhy;blf;!; (fhy;blf;!; vz;bza; Rj;jpfhpg;g[ (,e;jpah) ypkpbll;od; g';Ffis ifafg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;,e;jpahtpYs;s fhy;blf;!; (,e;jpah) ypkpbll;od; bghWg;ngw;g[ epWtd';fs;) rl;lk;. 1977 kw;Wk; v!;n!h (,e;jpahtpYs;s bghWg;ngw;g[ epWtd';fis ifafg;gLj;Jjy;) rl;lk; 1974 Mfpatw;wpd;go epWtd';fis njrpakakhf;Fjy; vd;gjd; mog;gilapy; Fj;jiffs; g[Jg;gpf;fg;gl;ld/ vdpDk;. midj;J tHf;FfspYk; Fj;jiffs; g[Jg;gpf;fg;gl;oUe;jhY';Tl. Fj;jiffspd; fhymst[ Kotile;Js;sJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;l epiyahFk;/ 4/ v';fs; Kd;g[ tHf;fpd; vjph;g;ghsh;fshf cs;s vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshd epyf;fpHhh;fs; epyj;jpd; cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhf btspnaw;Wiff;fhd chpik tHf;Ffisj; jhf;fy; bra;Js;sdh;/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l tpiyf;F fl;Lf;Fj;jif epyj;jpid KGikahfnth my;yJ gFjpahfnth fpiuak;khw;wk; bra;tjw;fhf rl;lg;gphpt[ 9?,d; fPHhd j';fspd; chpikiar; braYWj;Jk;tifapy; cl;fUj;Jlnd tpz;zg;g';fisj; jhf;fy; bra;jpUe;jdh;/,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; Maj;jhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l 2009?Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; jp';fs; 3?Mk; njjpapl;l kPl;lDg;g[if MizapypUe;J vGe;Js;s btt;ntW nfs;tpf;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iufs; rpytw;wpd; K:yk; bkl;uh!; cah; ePjpkd;wk;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ fPHik nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fhz;Kot[fis khw;wpaikj;njh my;yJ cWjpbra;njh nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l tpz;zg;g';fis epuhfhpj;Js;sJ/ 5/ 1921?,y; Kjd;Kjypy;,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;g[iuapy; Twg;gl;ljhtJ: @brd;id khefuj;jpYs;s Fj;jifjhuh;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gphptpdUf;F ghJfhg;g[ tH';Fk; Xh; rl;lk;/ brd;id khefhpd; gy gFjpfspYs;s Fj;jifjhuh;fs;. kw;wth;fSila epy';fspy; fl;ol';fs; vGg;gp. me;epy';fSf;fhd epahakhd thlifia mth;fs; brYj;jptUk;tiu mth;fs; btspnaw;wg;glkhl;lhh;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;,Ue;Jte;Js;sjhy; mth;fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ tH';FtJ mtrpakhdjhFk;/ Mifahy;.,e;jpa muR rl;lg;gphpt[ 80?m (3)?,d; fPH; fth;dh;?b$duy; mth;fsplkpUe;J xg;g[jy; bgwg;gl;Ls;sJ/@,e;j rl;lj;jpd; nehf;f';fSk;. fhuz';fSk; fPH;f;fz;lthW vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ: @brd;id khefuj;jpd; gy;ntW gFjpfspy; FoapUg;g[ tPLfSk;. kw;w fl;ol';fSk;. kw;wth;fSf;F brhe;jkhd epy';fspy; mt;tg;nghJ Fj;jifjhuh;fshy;. Fj;jiff;fhd fhymst[ my;yJ ve;j tiuaiwfspd;nghpy; fl;ol';fs; Fj;jiff;F tplg;glntz;Lk; vd;gJFwpj;j Fwpg;gpl;l xg;ge;jk;,y;yhjnghjpYk;. epahakhd mog;gilapy; thlifiar; brYj;Jtjw;Fl;gl;L. mth;fs;,ila{ww;w RthjPdj;jpy; tplg;gLthh;fs; vd;w KGikahd vjph;g;ghh;g;g[ld; fl;ol';fisf; fl;odh;/ rkPgj;jpy; mj;jifa bgUkstpyhd Fj;jifjhuh;fis btspnaw;Wtjw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l eltof;iffspd;nghpyhd Kaw;rpfs;. mt;thwhd vjph;g;ghh;g;g[fis Kwpaof;ff;Toait vd;gijf; fhl;oa[s;sd/ Fj;jifjhuh;fs; btspnaw;wg;gLthh;fnsahdhy;. mth;fs; nkw;fl;Lkhdj;ij mfw;WtJ rhyr;rpwe;jjhFk;. mij fl;ol';fis,oj;J js;Stjhy; kl;Lnk bra;JKof;f,aYk;/ mj;jifa xl;Lbkhj;j jfh;j;jypd;tpisthf khefuj;jpd; behpryhd gFjpfs; kpft[k; behpryhfp bghJkf;fspd; Mnuhf;fpaj;jpw;F fLikahd bfLjy;fis cz;lhf;Fk;.,r;N:H;epiyfspy; epyf;fpHhh;fs; Fj;jifjhuh;fis btspnaw;Wk;bghGJ fl;olj;jpw;fhdj; bjhifiar; brYj;jp mtw;iw vLj;Jf;bfhs;tnj KiwahdJk;. epahakhdJk; MFk;/ vdpDk;. epyt[hpikahsh; xUntis mt;tplj;jpw;F epahakhd thlifiag; bgWthnuahdhy;. Fj;jifjhuiu btspnaw;Wtjw;F tpUg;gkpy;yhj neh;t[fSk;,Uf;ff;TLk;/ Fj;jifjhuuhnyh my;yJ mtuJ chpikK:y Kd;dth;fshnyh vGg;gg;gl;oUf;fyhFk; fl;ol';fspypUe;J mth;fis btspnaw;Wk; neh;t[fspy;. mf;fl;olj;jpw;fhd kjpg;g[f;F el;;l<l;il Fj;jifjhuUf;F brYj;Jtjw;F,r;rl;lk; tifbra;fpwJ/ epyf;fpHhh;fs; my;yJ Fj;jifjhuhpd; ntz;Lnfhspd;go. epahakhd Fj;jifia mWjpapLtjw;F';Tl,J tifbra;fpwJ/ Fwpg;gpl;l rpy epge;jidfSf;Fl;gl;L. Fj;jifjhuh; jdJ ifa[ilikapYs;s,lj;ij th';Ftjw;F,ay;tpf;Fk; tifaKk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/@ 1921?,y;,aw;wg;gl;lthwhd rl;lkhdJ.,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;gpUe;jth;fshd brd;id khefuj;jpYs;s Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gphpt[ Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F,r;rl;lk; ghJfhg;gspf;fpwnjad;wp. rl;lkpaw;wg;gl;ljw;F gpd;dh; brd;id khefuj;jpy; fl;Lf;Fj;jif epy';fspy; fl;Lkhd';fs; mikj;jth;fSf;F my;y/ Fj;jiff;F vLf;fg;gl;l epyj;jpy; Fj;jifjhuh;fshy; FoapUg;g[ tPLfSk;. ntW rpy fl;ol';fSk; epyf;fpHhh;fSf;F epahakhd mog;gil thlif brYj;JjYf;Fl;gl;L. j';fsJ cilikf;F,ila{W bra;ag;glhJ vd;w ek;gpf;ifa[lDk;. vjph;g;ghh;g;g[lDk; vGg;gg;gl;oUe;jtplj;J. brd;id khefuj;jpy; epytptUk;,j;jdpj;jd;ikahd N:H;epiyia,e;j nehf;f';fSk;. fhuz';fSk; Rl;of;fhl;Lfpd;wd/ epyt[hpikahsh;fSldhd cld;gof;iffSk;. gjpthd fhuz';fSk; Fj;jif fhyj;jpd;nghpYk;. fl;ol';fs; Fj;jiff;F tplg;glntz;oa tiuaiwfspd;nghpYk; mikjpahf,Uf;Fk;/ nkYk;. rkPgj;jpy; Twg;gLk; fhuz';fshtd. 1921?,y; rl;lkpaw;wYf;F Kd;djhf. mj;jifa bgUk;ghyhd Fj;jifjhuh;fis btspnaw;Wtjw;fhf Kaw;rpfSk;. eltof;iffSk; epyf;fpHhh;fshy; Jt';fg;gl;lJ. mjd;K:yk; Fj;jifjhuh;fs; btspnaw;wg;glj;jf;fth;fshjyhy;. mth;fSila bghJthd vjph;g;ghh;g;g[fs; Kwpaof;ff;Toadthf,Ue;jd/ Mifahy;.,r;rl;lkhdJ. btspnaw;Wjypd;nghpy; Fj;jifjhuh;fshy;,oj;J js;sg;glntz;oa fl;ol';fs;-nkw;fl;Lkhd';fspd; xl;Lbkhj;j jfh;g;gpidj; jLg;gjw;fhf,aw;wg;gl;lJ/,J khefuj;jpd; behpryhd gFjpfspYs;s fl;ol';fis jfh;g;gjhy; bghJkf;fspd; Mnuhf;fpaj;jpw;F nfL tpistpf;ff;TLk;/,r;N:H;epiyfspy; epyf;fpHhh;fSf;F epyj;jpd; epahakhd tpw;gid tpiyiar; brYj;jp epyj;jpd; chpikahsh;fshtjw;F Fj;jifjhuh;fis nfl;Lf;bfhs;tJ epahakhdJk;. KiwahdJkhFk;/ Fj;jifjhuiu btspnaw;Wtjpy; rpy epyf;fpHhh;fSf;F ehl;lkpy;yhjjhy;. mj;jifa neh;t[fspy;. epyf;fpHhh; epytuj;jpYs;s epahakhd thlifiag; bgWk;bghUl;L thlifia cah;j;Jtjw;F,r;rl;lk; tifbra;fpwJ/ mjdhy; xUntis Fj;jifjhuh; epyj;jpid th';Ftjw;F my;yJ epyj;jpDila epytuj;jpYs;s epahakhd kjpg;gpidr; brYj;Jtjw;F tpUk;gtpy;iybadpy; fl;olj;jpd; kjpg;g[f;fhd el;l<L epyf;fpHhuhy; brYj;jg;gLtJ gw;wpa[k;,r;rl;lk; tpthjpf;fpwJ/ 6/,r;rl;lk;. 1921?f;F gpd;dh; bra;ag;gl;l fl;Lkhd';fSf;Fk;. Fj;jiffSf;Fk; ghJfhg;gpid tphpt[g;gLj;jpa[k;. Kjd;ik,aw;Wr; rl;lj;jpy; m';fPfhpf;fg;glhj kw;w gFjpfSf;Fk; tphpt[g;gLj;jpa[k; nkYk; Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F fpilf;ff;Toa ghJfhg;g[ tiuaiwfis mjpfhpj;Jk;. jpUj;jpaikj;Jk;. mjd; bray;tuk;gpd;goa[k; Rw;bwy;iyapd;goa[k; xU khjphp got khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfpa[s;sJ/,r;rl;lj;jpUj;j';fs; Fwpg;ghf brd;id rl;lk; vz; 19-1955. jkpH;ehL rl;lk; vz; 13-1960. jkpH;ehL rl;lk; vz; 4-1972 kw;Wk; jkpH;ehL rl;lk; vz; 24-1973 Mfpatw;wpd;thapyhf,jpy;,jd;gpd;dh; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1955. jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1960. jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1972 kw;Wk; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1973 vd Kiwna Fwpg;gplg;gl;L. mit jw;nghJs;s jPh;Kot[f;F mtrpakhd mstpy; tptukhf vLj;Jf;Twntz;Lk; ePl;rpiaj; jtph;g;gjw;fhf. eh';fs; rl;lj;jpd; tuyhw;iwa[k;. mjpy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l khw;w';fisf; Fwpg;gpLtija[k; nkw;nfhs; fhl;Ltija[k; jtph;j;Jtpl;nlhk;/ 7/ 1955 jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd;go. brd;id khepyj;jpy;1 cs;s efuhl;rpf;Fl;gl;l efu';fSf;Fk;. mjdUnf mike;Js;s gFjpfSf;Fk;,r;rl;lk; tphpt[gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/ jkpH;ehL rl;l (,uz;lhtJ jpUj;jk;) Mizfs; khw;wpaikj;jy;. 1969?,d;go jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lthwhd jkpH;ehL rl;l Mizfs; khw;wpaikj;jy;. 1969?,d;go *brd;id khepyk;* vd;w thh;j;ijfSf;F *jkpH;ehL khepyk;* vd;w brhy;yikg;g[ khw;wPL bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;. 1972?,d;go *mth;fs; btspnaw;wg;glkhl;lhh;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;* vd;w thh;j;ijfs; ePf;fg;gl;L. 1/,J nkw;bfhz;L brd;id efh;g;g[w Fj;jifjhuh;fs; ghJfhg;g[ (jpUj;jk;) rl;lk; 1979?My; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.,jd;go @efuhl;rpf;Fl;gl;l efu';fs;@ vd;w thh;j;ijfs; @efuhl;rpf;Fl;gl;l efu';fs; kw;Wk; efuikg;g[fs;@ vd;w thh;j;ijfshy; khw;wPL bra;ag;gl;ld/ Kfg;g[iua[k; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Kfg;g[iu jw;nghJs;sthW fPH;f;fz;lthW vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ: @jkpH;ehL khepyj;jpYs;s efuhl;rpf;Fl;gl;l efu';fspYk;. efuikg;g[fspYk;. mtw;wpd; mUfhikapYs;s gFjpfspYKs;s Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gphpt[ Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ tH';Ftjw;fhd Xh; rl;lk;/ vdpy;. jkpH;ehL khepyj;jpYs;s efuhl;rpf;Fl;gl;l efu';fspYk;. efuikg;g[fspYk; mtw;wpd; mUfpYs;s gFjpfspYs;s Fj;jifjhuh;fs; kw;wth;fspd; epyj;jpy; fl;ol';fs; mikj;J me;epyj;jpw;fhd epahakhd thlifapid mth;fs; brYj;jptUk;tiuapy; Fj;jifjhuh;fis btspnaw;Wtjw;F vjpuhf ghJfhg;g[ tH';FtJ mtrpakhdjhFk;/@,j;jpUj;j';fSld; 1921?,y; rl;lkpaw;wg;gl;L. mky;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;dh; epiwntw;wg;gl;l epy Fj;jiffSf;F';Tl,r;rl;lk; bghUe;Jtjw;F tphpt[gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ vdpDk;. rl;lk; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l gpd;g[';Tl. Fwpg;gplg;gl;l njjpf;F Kd;dh; Fj;jifjhuuhy; ve;j Fj;jif epy';fspd;kPJ fl;ol';fs; mikf;fg;gl;lnjh. mtw;wpw;F kl;Lnk mJ bghUe;jf;Toanjad;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;l njjpf;Fg; gpd;dh; bghUe;jf;Toajy;y/ 8/ eh';fs; bray;tiut[r; rl;lj;jpd; mog;gilf;TWfisa[k;. btspnaw;Wjy; eltof;iffisr; re;jpf;Fk; Fj;jifjhuuhy; iff;bfhs;sg;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy chpikfis mJ tH';Fjiya[k; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;L. v';fSila bghUs;tpsf;fj;jpidj; bjhl';Ffpd;nwhk;/,r;rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 3?,d; fPH; Fj;jifjhuh; my;yJ ghj;jpaijapYs;s mtuJ K:jhijah;fs; vtnuDk; btspnaw;wg;gLk; rkaj;jpy; mtw;Ws; VnjDbkhd;wpypUe;J chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;WtUk; ifa[ilikapypy;yhj egh; vtnuDk; vGg;gpapUf;Fk; fl;olj;jpw;fhd kjpg;g[f;F <lhd el;l<l;oid Fj;jifjhuh; bgWtjw;Fhpatuhthh;. nkYk;. mjw;fhd el;l<L Vw;bfdnt brYj;jg;gl;oUf;ff;TlhJ/ nkYk;. Fj;jifjhuh; el;Litj;jpUf;ff;Toa ku';fs;. nkYk; mtuhy; VnjDk; nkk;ghLfs; bra;ag;gl;oUe;jhYk; mjDila kjpg;gpida[k; bgWtjw;Fhpatuhthh;/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 3?,d; fPH; el;l<l;ow;FhpatUk;. vth; kPJ btspnaw;Wtjw;fhf my;yJ khfhz rpWtHf;Ffs; ePjpkd;wr; rl;lk; 1882?,d; (kj;jpa rl;lk; XV/1882) gphpt[ 41?,d; fPH; eltof;if vLg;gjw;fhf epyf;fpHhuhy; chpik tHf;F bjhLf;fg;gl;lnjh. me;j Fj;jifjhuUf;F tpz;zg;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpid bkhj;jkhfnth my;yJ gFjpahfnth ePjpkd;wj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; tpiyf;F tpw;gjw;F epyf;fpHhiug; gzpf;fpd;w Xh; Mizf;fhf tpz;zg;gpf;f rl;lg;gphpt[ 9 mDkjpaspf;fpwJ/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 9 cl;gphpt[ (1) TW (M)?,d; fPH;. ePjpkd;wk;. Fj;jifjhuhpd; brsfhpakhd mDnghfj;jpw;Fj; njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r epyg;gug;gpid jPh;t[bra;J. mjd;go tpz;zg;gjhuhpy; ntz;Liuf;fg;gl;lthnwh my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Kot[ bra;ag;gl;lgonah,uz;oy; vJ Fiwthdnjh me;j tpiyia epyj;jpw;F eph;zak; bra;antz;Lk;/ 9/ Fj;jifjhuuhy; xg;ge;jk; bra;Jbfhz;lnghjpYk; btspnaw;Wjypd;kPJ Fj;jifjhuhpd; chpikfis gphpt[ 12 ghJfhf;fpwJ/ vdpDk; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;. 1972?,d;go. mjd; jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;djhf. *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* Fwpj;j tiuaiwfs; bfhz;l gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y epyf;Fj;jiffSf;F,r;rl;lj;jpd; kPJ}h;e;jpa';Fk; jd;ika[k;. nkjfthd jd;ika[k; bghUe;jj;jf;fjy;y/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 12 Kjypy;,aw;wg;gl;lthW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjhtJ: @12/ Fj;jifjhuh;fshy; bra;Jbfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;j';fspd; tpist[/ - Fj;jifjhuuhy; bra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jk; vjpYk; xg;ge;j ehSf;Fg;gpwF. vGg;gg;gl;l fl;ol';fspy; mth;fs; bjhlh;g[s;stiuapy;. fl;ol';fs; vGg;g[jy; Fwpj;J Fj;jifjhuuhy; vGj;JK:yk; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;s tiuaiwfs; vjida[k;,jpy; ml';fpa[s;s vJt[k; ghjpj;jyhfhJ vd;W tifbra;a[k;,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; mtuJ chpikfis ePf;fptplnth my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jnth bra;ahJ/@,t;thwhf rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;TwhdJ. cld;gof;if njjpf;F gpd;dh; *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* Fwpj;j Tl;Lld;gof;ifa[ld; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Mtzj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jpUe;jJ/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 9?,d; fPH; Fj;jifjhuh;fs; epyj;jpid th';Ftjw;fhd rl;lg;goahd chpikia jPtpukhf kWj;JtpLtJk; my;yJ gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y cld;gof;ifahdJ. Fj;jifjhuuhy; @fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;@ bjhlh;ghd tiuaiwiaf; bfhz;oUe;jJ vd;w neh;tpy; jug;gpdh;fs; cld;gof;ifapd; tiuaiwfSf;F fl;Lg;gl;lth;fshth;. nkYk;. brhj;Jhpik khw;Wr; rl;lk;. 1882 kw;Wk;,r;rl;lk; mjhtJ. brd;id khefu Fj;jifjhuh;fs; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk;. 1921 bghUe;jyhfhJ vDkplj;J.,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; kw;w chpikfis braw;gLj;JtJk; tpyf;Ff;Twpd; bray;tpisthFk; vd;gij jug;gpdh;fs; xUkdjhf Vw;Wf;bfhz;ldh;/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;TwhdJ. *xg;ge;j ehSf;Fg; gpwF. vGg;gg;gl;l fl;ol';fspy; mth;fs; bjhlh;g[s;stiuapy; fl;ol';fs; vGg;g[jy; Fwpj;J Fj;jifjhuuhy; vGj;JK:yk; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;s tiuaiwfs; vjida[k;,jpy; ml';fpa[s;s vJt[k; ghjpj;jyhfhJ vd;W tifbra;a[k;,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; mtuJ chpikfis ePf;fptplnth my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jnth bra;ahJ* vd;w thh;j;ijfs;. jpUj;jr; rl;lk;. gphpt[ 3?,d; thapyhf ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mJ vLj;Jiug;gjhtJ: @3/ jkpH;ehL rl;lk; III/1922?,d; rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; jpUj;jk;/? @xg;ge;j ehs;@ vd;w thh;j;ijfSld; bjhl';ff;Toa gFjpa[k; kw;Wk; @tif bra;a[k;@ vd;w thh;j;ijfSld; Kot[bgWk; gFjpa[k; cs;s Kjd;ik rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 12?,y; mit ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf vg;nghJk; fUjg;gLjy;ntz;Lk;/@ ePf;fg;gl;l thh;j;ijfs; vg;bghGJk; tpLgl;Ls;sjhfnt fUjg;gLjy;ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mJ rl;lj;jpd; gFjpahfhJ vd;W 1972?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lg;gphpt[ 3 typa[Wj;JfpwJ/ xU Kd;ehspl;l gad;jUtjhf fUjf;Toa tifak;,t;thwhf,aw;wg;gl;lJ/ eh';fs; bra;ag;gl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; murikg;g[f;Fhpa tifapyhd Kiwikia bry;Ye;jd;ikia tpthjpf;ftpy;iy. Mifahy;,e;j mk;rj;jpd; kPJ fUj;Jiuf;ftpy;iy/ 10/ vd;/ t$;ughzp eha[L ?vjph;? epa{ jpnal;lh;!; fh;ehof; lhf;fP!; ypkpbll;. nfhak;g[j;J}h;;2 ?,y; Ie;J ePjpaurh;fs; bfhz;l murikg;g[ mkh;t[. 1972 kw;Wk; 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;l';fs; thapyhd jpUj;j';fSf;F Kd;gpUe;jthW. rl;lj;jpd; bry;Ye;jd;ikia cWjpbra;J. gphpt[ 12?I Fwpg;gpl;l gpd;dh;. rl;lk;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gphpt[ epyj;Jf;F kl;Lnk bghUe;jj;jf;fJ. mjhtJ. fpuhkk; my;yJ efh;g;g[wj;jpw;F tphpt[gLj;jg;gl;l mr;rl;lk; mkYf;FtUk; njjpf;F Kd;djhf fl;ol';fspd; fl;Lkhdj;jpw;fhf epyk; Fj;jiff;F tH';fg;gl;lJ vd;W fUj;Jiuf;f.,r;rl;lj;jpd; gad;ghl;oypUe;J @fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;@ vd;w tiuaiwa[ld; Toa gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Fj;jif Mtz';fis mg;nghjpUe;j tpyf;Ff;Twpd;K:yk; mJ ePf;fpaJ/,r;rl;lkpaw;WjYf;F gpd;dhYs;s nehf;fKk;. fhuzKk; ahbjdpy;. vtbuy;yhk; Fj;jifa[hpikfis jPh;khdpg;gJ bjhlh;ghd tHf;fkhd Tl;L xg;ge;jk; bra;jpUe;jnghjpYk;. Fj;jifjhuh;fs; epahakhd thlifiar; brYj;jpa[k;. mjidj; bjhlh;e;J brYj;jptUtjd;nghpYk;. mth;fs; btwpnaw;wg;glkhl;lhh;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; Fj;jifapd;nghpy; epyj;ijg; bgw;wth;fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ tH';FtjhFk;/ vdpDk;. a[j;jj;jpd;tpisthf. khwpg;nghd N:Hy;fs; epyj;ij kjpg;g[aur;bra;Jk; Fj;jif cah;t[f;Fk; tHpnfhypajhYk;. mth;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l cilikfis 2/ (1964) 6 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 1015,oj;Jj;js;sp. mg;g[wg;gLj;Jjy; nghd;w btspnaw;Wk; eltof;iffis mth;fs; vjph;bfhz;ljhYk; mf;Fj;jifjhuh;fs; bgUe;bjhy;iyf;Fs;shfp. miyf;fHpf;fg;gl;ldh;/ mg;nghjpUe;jthW rl;lj;jpid cWjpbra;J. epyf;fpHhh;. btspnaw;Wiff;fhf chpik tHf;F bjhLg;gjd; K:yk;. gu!;gu g[hpe;Jzh;itkPwp. epy kjpg;g[fspy; <l;lg;bgwhj cah;tpd; gaidg; bgw nfhUfpwnghJ kl;Lnk,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; tH';fg;gLk; ghJfhg;g[k; chpikfSk; eyk;gaf;ff;ToajhfptpLk; vd;W murikg;g[ mkh;t[ fUj;Jiuj;jJ/,r;rl;lk;. Fj;jifa[hpikfspd; fhymst[ Fwpj;Jk;. mt;thW fl;lg;gl;oUf;Fk; fl;ol';fisg; ghJfhg;gJ Fwpj;Jk;. Fj;jifjhuh;fs; kw;Wk; epyf;fpHhh;fSf;F,ilnaahd gu!;gu g[hpe;Jzh;it bghJ kf;fspd; eyd; fUjp btspg;gilahf braw;ghl;Lf;F bfhz;LtUtjw;fhdjhFk;/ epyf;fpHhUf;Fk; Fj;jifjhuUf;Fk;,ilna cs;s cz;ikahd cld;gof;iff;F bray;tpist[ bfhLg;gijj; bjhlh;e;J. Fj;jifjhuh; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l kidapy; fl;olk; fl;Ltjw;F J}z;lg;gLtjhy;. epyf;fpHhh; jdJ brhj;ij,Hg;gjw;nfh my;yJ jdJ cilikfisg; bgWtjw;nfh gphpt[ 9 mjpfkhf vija[k; bra;atpy;iy/,f;fl;Lg;ghL bghJkf;fspd; eyd;fUJk; tifapypUg;gjhy;.,r;rl;lk;.,e;jpa murikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TW 19(1)(v`g;)?,d; fPHhd brhj;Jhpikf;F CWbra;atpy;iy/ 1960?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf jpUj;j';fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L. Fj;jifjhuuhy; fl;lg;gl;l fl;olj;ij-cilikia trjpahf Ja;g;gjw;Fj; njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r epyg;gFjpia kl;Lk; tpw;gid bra;a ePjpkd;wk; gzpf;fyhk;/ nkYk;. brYj;jg;glntz;oa tpiyahdJ. cj;jut[ njjpf;F Ke;ija K:d;W tUl';fSf;fhd ruhrhp epytu kjpg;ghFk;/ gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Fj;jif Mtzj;jpd; TWfs; @fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;@ bjhlh;ghditay;y vd;gjhy; Fj;jifjhuh; tpyf;Ff;Twpd;go cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;w bgUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; jPh;khdj;Jld;. gpur;rpidapYs;s. gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Fj;jif Mtzj;ijg; bghWj;jtiuapy; *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* vd;w brhy;yikg;gpd; bghUspd;nghpy;,j;jPh;Kotpy; bgUk;ghd;ikapdh; rpWghd;ikapdhplkpUe;J ntWgl;ldh;/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;Twpy; *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* vd;w brhy;yikg;g[ gpd;dpl;L. cwhpjh!; fph;jh;jh!; kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;? tujuh$ gps;is kw;Wk; xUth;;;3 vd;w tHf;fpy; bghUs;tpsf;fg;gl;lJ/ vdpDk; eh';fs;,e;j mk;rj;jpw;Fs;Sk;. *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* vd;w brhy;yikg;gpd; bghUs;tpsf;fj;jpw;Fs;Sk; bry;yntz;oajpy;iy. Vbdd;why;.,f;nfs;tp jw;nghJs;s nky;KiwaPLfspy; vHt[kpy;iy. v';fs;Kd; vGg;gg;gl;L thjhlg;glt[kpy;iy/ 11/ eh';fs;. mt;tg;nghJ jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sthW *Fj;jifjhuh;* vd;w brhy;yikg;ig bghUs;tiuaWf;Fk; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ (2)?f;Fhpa TW (4)?I jw;nghJ kPz;Lk; Kd;itf;fpnwhk;/ Kjypy; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?,y; fPH;f;fz;lthW vLj;jpak;gg;gLtjhtJ: @4/ *Fj;jifjhuh;* vd;why; epyj;jpd; Fj;jifjhuuhf thlif brYj;Jtjw;F flg;ghLilath; kw;Wk; mthplkpUe;J chpikK:yj;ijg; bgWk; kw;w egh; xt;bthUtiua[k;. nkYk; 3/ (1971) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 601 Fj;jif chpik Kot[w;w gpd;dUk; bjhlh;e;J RthjPdj;jpypUe;JtUk; egh;fisa[k; cs;slf;FtjhFk;/@ 1960?Mk; Mz;L $^iy jp';fs; 27?Mk; ehs; mkYf;F te;j 1960?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd;go Fj;jifjhuh; vd;gjd; bghUs;tiuaiwf;F fPH;f;fz;lthW khw;wPL bra;ag;gl;L. vLj;Jiug;gjhtJ: @4/ VnjDk; epyj;Jld; bjhlh;g[ila *Fj;jifjhuh;* vd;gth; ?

(i) me;j epyk; bjhlh;ghf Fj;jifa[hpik cld;gof;ifapd; fPH; btspg;gilahfnth my;yJ cl;fpilahfnth thlif-Fj;jif brYj;Jtjw;F flg;ghLs;s xU eguhthh;. nkYk; (ii) (m) cl;TW (i)?,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW Fj;jifa[hpik cld;gof;ifapid jPh;khdpj;j gpwFk;. epyj;jpDila RthjPdj;jpy; bjhlh;e;jpUe;JtUk; mj;jifa egh; vtiua[k; kw;Wk;

(M) cl;TW (i) my;yJ cl;TW (ii)(m)?,y;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW. mj;jifa egh; vtnuDKila thhpRfis cs;slf;Ffpwnjad;wp. cs;?Fj;jifjhuiunah my;yJ mtuJ thhpRfisnah cs;slf;fhJ/@ 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lk;. gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?,y; cs;s cl;TW (ii)(m)?I jf;fitj;Jf;bfhz;L. xU g[jpa cl;TW (M)?Ia[k; nrh;j;Jf;bfhz;lJ/ 1960?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf,ilr;brUfg;gl;l Ke;ija cl;TW (M)?MdJ. cl;TW (,)?Mf khw;wg;gl;lJ/ 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhd jpUj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;. rl;lg;gphpt[ 2?f;Fhpa TW (4) *Fj;jifjhuh;* vd;w brhy;iy bghUs;tiuaWj;J fPH;f;fz;lthW vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ: @4/ VnjDk; epyj;Jld; bjhlh;g[ila *Fj;jifjhuh;* vd;gth; ?

(i) me;j epyk; bjhlh;ghf Fj;jifa[hpik cld;gof;ifapd; fPH; btspg;gilahfnth my;yJ cl;fpilahfnth thlif-Fj;jif brYj;Jtjw;F flg;ghLs;s xU eguhthh;. nkYk; (ii) (m) cl;TW (i)?,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW Fj;jifa[hpik cld;gof;ifapid jPh;khdpj;j gpwFk; epyj;jpDila RthjPdj;jpy; bjhlh;e;jpUe;JtUk; mj;jifa egh; vtiua[k;. kw;Wk;

(M) rl;lg;gphpt[ 1?,d; cl;gphpt[ (3)?,d; fPH;,r;rl;lk; bghUe;Jtjw;Fhpa Fj;jifa[hpik cld;gof;ifapd; fPH; mj;jifa epyk; bjhlh;ghd Fj;jifjhuuhd vtUk; kw;Wk; mtnuh my;yJ ghj;jpaijapYs;s mtuJ K:jhijah;fnsh mj;jifa epyj;jpd;kPJ fl;ol';fs; VJk; vGg;gp. mj;jifa epyj;jpYk;. fl;olj;jpYk; cz;ikahd neuo cilikapy; bjhlh;e;J,Ue;Jte;jnghjpYk;. (1) mj;jifa egh; brd;id khefu Fj;jifjhuh;fs; ghJfhg;g[ (jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;. 1972 (jkpH;ehL rl;lk;. 4-1972) btspaplg;gl;l njjpf;F Kd;dh;,Ue;jthW. rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?f;Fhpa tpyf;Ff;Twpd; fhuzkhf,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPHhd chpikfSf;F jFjpaw;wtuhthh;. my;yJ (2),r;rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 12?f;Fhpa tpyf;Ff;TwhdJ. brd;id khefu Fj;jifjhuh;fs; ghJfhg;g[ (jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;. 1972 (jkpH;ehL rl;lk;. 4-1972) btspaplg;gl;l njjpf;F Kd;dh;,Ue;jthW.,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; mj;jifa egh; chpikfs; nfhUtjw;Fhpatuy;yh; vd;w fhuzj;jpd;nghpy;. mj;jifa egUf;F vjpuhf. tpsk;g[iff;fhd xU jPh;g;ghiz my;yJ cilikf;fhd my;yJ,njnghd;wbjhU ghpfhuj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghiz my;yJ Xh; cj;jut[ gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kw;Wk; (,) cl;TW (i) my;yJ cl;TW (ii)(m) my;yJ (ii)(M)?,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW. mj;jifa egh; vtnuDKila thhpRfis cs;slf;Ffpwnjad;wp xU cs;?Fj;jifjhuiunah my;yJ mtUila thhpRfisnah cs;slf;fhJ;@ rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?,y; jpUj;jj;ijf; bfhz;Lte;j 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 2. rl;lj;jpd; mkyhf;fj; njjpapypUe;J mjhtJ 1922?Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp jp';fs; 21?Mk; ehspypUe;J rl;lj; jpUj;j';fSf;F Kd;ehspl;l gaid mspj;jpUf;fpwJ/ eh';fs; bjspt[f;fhf 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 2?I kPz;Lk; Kd;itf;f tpUk;g[fpnwhk;. mJ fPH;f;fz;lthW vLj;jpak;gg;gLfpwJ: @2/ jpUj;jr; rl;lg; gphpt[ 2. jkpH;ehL rl;lk; III-1922/? brd;id khefu Fj;jifjhuh;fs; ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk;. 1921?,d; gphpt[ 2?,y; TW (4)?,d; cl;TW (ii)?f;fhf (jkpH;ehL rl;lk; III-1922) (,jd;gpd;dh; Kjd;ik rl;lk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk;) gpd;tUk; cl;TW khw;wPL bra;ag;gl;oUg;gjhf vg;bghGJk; fUjg;glntz;Lk; [...]@ 12/,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpaurh;fs; mkh;t[. chpikapay; nky;KiwaPL vz; 5903-2006?,y; ghuj; bgl;nuhypak; fhh;g;gnuc&d; ypkpbll; ?vjph;? eph;kyh kw;Wk; xUth; vd;w jiyg;gplg;gl;l tHf;fpy;. 2009?Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; jp';fs; 3?Mk; njjpapl;l cj;jutpd; thapyhft[k; kw;Wk; bjhlh;g[ila gpw tHf;FfspYk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?f;Fhpa cl;TW (M)?I bghUs;tpsf;fk; bra;ifapy;. *epyk; kw;Wk; fl;olj;jpy; cz;ikahd neuo cilik* vd;w brhy;yikg;g[ Fj;jifjhuh; cz;ikahd neuo cilikapy;,Uf;fntz;Lbkd bghUs;gLtjhf jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ/ Fj;jifjhuh; cz;ikahd neuo cilikapypd;wp tshfj;jpid K:d;whtJ jug;gpdh;fSf;F Fj;jif my;yJ chpkj;jpd; mog;gilapy; bfhLj;jpUe;jhy;,e;j tifa';fs; bghUe;jhJ/ vdpDk;. mj;jifa gad; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(i) my;yJ rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)(m)?,d; fPH; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F fpilf;ff;Toajh vd;w tpdhtpd;nghpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk; ve;j fhz;Kotpida[k; mspf;ftpy;iy/ eh';fs; cj;jutpd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gFjpapid kPz;Lk; Kd;itf;fpnwhk;/ mJ fPH;f;fz;lthW vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ: @7/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?,d; cl;TW (M)?I bghWj;jtiu. eh';fs; jpU/ ehhpkd; mth;fspd; thjj;Jld; cld;gltpy;iy/ cl;TW (M)?I rhjhuzkhfg; gog;gjpypUe;J. mjpy; @cz;ikahd neuo cilik@ vd;w thh;j;ijfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sij eh';fs; ftdpj;jpUf;fpnwhk;/ cl;TW (m)?,y; bra;ag;gl;lJnghy cl;TW (M)?,y; *cilik* vd;w brhy;iy kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;oUe;jhy;. rl;lepiyg;ghL ntwhf,Ue;jpUf;ff;TLk;/ vdpDk; *cz;ikahd neuo cilik* vd;w thh;j;ijfs; cWjpahditahft[k;. mGj;jKilaitahft[k; cs;sd/ mjhtJ. mjpy; bghUz;ikrhh;e;j tptfhu';fs; ghh;f;fg;glntz;Lnkad;wp. rl;l";rhh;e;j my;yJ mDkhdkhd tptfhu';fs; my;y/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. tHf;F tshfj;jpy; cz;ikahd neuo cilikapYs;s jd;Dila chpkk; bgw;wth;- KftUf;F cilikia xg;gilj;jpUe;jhh; vd;gjpy; re;njfkpy;iy/ xU rl;lkhdJ. cWjpahdJk;. mGj;jkhdJkhd brhw;fis gad;gLj;JfpwnghJ. eh';fs; mr;brhw;fSf;F jphpj;njh my;yJ braw;ifj; jd;ikahfnth bghUs;tpsf;fk; mspf;f,ayhJ/,e;j bghUs;tpsf;fj;jpd; neh;g;bghUs; tpjp vd;gJ bghUs;tpsf;fj;jpd; Kjy; tpjpahFk;. rl;lj;jpd; bghUs; vspikahft[k;. bjspthft[k;,Uf;Fkhapd;. gpd;dh; mjw;F jphpj;njh my;yJ braw;ifj;jd;ikahfnth bghUs; bfhLf;fg;glf;TlhJ/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; cz;ikahd neuo cilikapy;,Ug;gjhff; bfhs;sg;glntz;Lbkd eh';fs; TwpdhYk;. *cz;ikahd neuo cilik* vd;w thh;j;ijfSf;F type;Jk;. braw;ifj;jd;ikahft[k; bghUs;tpsf;fj;jpid eh';fs; mspj;JtpLnthk;/ Fwpg;ghf. TW (m) *cilik* vd;w brhy;iy kl;Lnk gad;gLj;JfpwJ. *cz;ikahd neuo cilik* vd;wy;y vd;gjhy; eh';fs; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?,d; cl;TW (M)?f;F mt;thwhd xU bghUs;tpsf;fj;jpid mspf;f,ayhJ/ vdnt. eh';fs; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;fhf Kd;dpiyahd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; jpU/ Mh;/v`g;/ ehhpkd; mth;fspd; thjj;ij epuhfhpj;J. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; cz;ikahd neuo cilikapy;,y;iy vd;W jPh;khdpf;fpnwhk;/ 8/ Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l epyj;jpy; nkw;fl;Lkhdk; mikf;fg;gLkplj;J.,r;rl;lk; bghUe;Jbkd;W,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;g[iu bjspt[gLj;Jfpd;wJ/ vdnt. Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l fhypaplj;jpy; nkw;fl;Lkhdk; VJk; vGg;gg;gLk;nghJ. TW (m) bghUe;JfpwJ vd;w gzpe;Jiu rhpay;y/ cz;ikapy;.,r;rl;lk;. Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l epy';fspy; Fj;jifjhuh; rpy nkw;fl;Lkhd';fis mikg;gjw;F ghJfhg;gspg;gjhf bghUs;gLfpwJ/ 9/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?,d; cl;TW (m)?,d; gyDf;F chpikahdth; vd;w jpU/ ehhpkd; mth;fspd; thjj;ijg; bghWj;jtiu.,e;j mk;rk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ghprPypf;fg;gl;oUf;ftpy;iy vd;W njhd;WfpwJ/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(i) kw;Wk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii) cl;TW (m)?,d; gyd;fSf;F chpikahdtuh> vd;gij cah; ePjpkd;wk; ghprPypj;jpUf;fntz;Lk; vd;gJ v';fsJ fUj;jhFk;/ 10/ v';fSila fUj;jpd;go. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(i) kw;Wk; 2(4)(ii)(m)?,d; gyd;fSf;F chpikahdtuh> vd;w gpur;rpidapd;nghpy; cah; ePjpkd;wk; xU fhz;Kotpidg; gjpt[ bra;jpUf;fntz;Lk; vd;gJ mjd; flikahjyhy;. mt;tpdhtpd;nghpy; eh';fs; ve;j,Wjp fUj;Jiua[k; btspg;gLj;jtpy;iy/ Mifahy;. eh';fs; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nfs;tpf;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; cj;juit ePf;fwt[ bra;J. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(i) kw;Wk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?,d; cl;TW (m)?,d; gyd;fSf;F chpikahdtuh> vd;w tpdhtpd;nghpy; xU fhz;Kotpid gjpt[bra;a cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; <uhaj;jpw;F,t;tHf;fpid jpUg;gpaDg;g[fpnwhk;/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; <uhakhdJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?,d; cl;TW (M)?My; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Dk; fhz;Kotpidj; jtpu.,e;j cj;jutpy; v';fshy; mspf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jiufshy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;glhky;. nkw;brhd;d tpdhtpid rl;lj;jpw;fpz';f jPh;khdpf;fntz;Lbkd;gijf; Fwpg;gplj; njitapy;iy/ eh';fs; kw;w gpur;rpidapd;nghpy; v';fSila brhe;jf; fUj;J vjida[k; btspg;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gijj; bjspt[gLj;Jfpnwhk;/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; <uhak;. tHf;if,t;t[j;jutpd; efy; mjd; Kd;g[ Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gLk; njjpapypUe;J MW khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; Kd;kjpg;gspj;J Jhpjkhf jPh;t[bra;a[k; vd eh';fs; cWjpahf ek;g[fpnwhk;/ xx xx xx 12/ nkYk; Fj;jiff;F vLj;jth; fl;Lkhdk; bra;Js;s epyj;jpy; cz;ikahd neuo cilikapy;,Uf;Fkplj;J. mth; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 9(1)(m)(ii)?My; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s TLjy; gyDf;Fhpatuhfpwhh; vd;gJ v';fSila fUj;jhFk;/ vdpDk;. Fj;jifjhuUf;F Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;Ls;s epyj;jpy; mth; fl;Lkhd';fisr; bra;J. mjd;gpd; mjDila cilikapy;,y;yhtpoy;. jw;nghija tHf;FfspYs;s nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fspd; tHf;fpy; cs;sijg;nghy. mth; rl;lg;gphpt[ 9(1)(m)(i)?,d; gyDf;FhpatuhapUe;jjhYk;. gphpt[ 9(1)(m)(ii)?,d; gyDf;F chpatuy;yh;/,e;j tpdhf;fspd;nghpy;jhd; cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpah; <uhak; xU fhz;Koitg; gjpt[ bra;antz;Lk;/ 13/ Mifahy;. eh';fs; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nfs;tpf;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; cj;juit ePf;fwt[bra;J. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(i) kw;Wk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?,d; cl;TW (m)?,d; gyd;fSf;Fhpatuh> vd;w tpdhtpd;nghpy; xU fhz;Kotpid gjpt[bra;a cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; <uhaj;jpw;F,t;tHf;fpid jpUg;gpaDg;g[fpnwhk;/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; <uhakhdJ. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?,d; cl;TW (M)?My; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Dk; fhz;Kotpidj; jtpu.,e;j cj;jutpy; v';fshy; mspf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jiufshy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;glhky; nkw;brhd;d tpdhtpid rl;lj;jpw;fpz';f jPh;khdpf;fntz;Lbkd;gijf; Fwpg;gplj; njitapy;iy/ eh';fs; kw;w gpur;rpidapd;nghpy; v';fSila brhe;jf; fUj;J vjida[k; btspg;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gij bjspt[gLj;Jfpnwhk;/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; <uhak;. tHf;if,t;t[j;jutpd; efy; mjd; Kd;g[ Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gLk; njjpapypUe;J MW khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; Kd;kjpg;gspj;J Jhpjkhf jPh;t[bra;a[k; vd eh';fs; cWjpahf ek;g[fpnwhk;/@,t;thwhf.,e;ePjpkd;wk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?f;Fhpa cl;TW (M)?I bghUs;tpsf;F';fhy;. @epyk;-fl;olj;jpd; cz;ikahd neuo cilik@ vd;w brhy;yikg;g[. Fj;jifjhuh; cz;ikahd neuo cilikapypUf;fntz;Lk; vd;gjhf bghUs;gLfpwJ. nkYk;. Fj;jifjhuh; fl;olj;ij cs;?thliff;F tpl;oUe;jhnyh my;yJ mDkjp kw;Wk; chpkj;jpd; mog;gilapy; tshfj;jpid bfhLj;jpUe;jhnyh. cl;TW (M) bghUe;jhJ vd;W jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ/ nkw;brhd;d jPh;Kotpy; jug;gpdh;fshf cs;s nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; kw;Wk; epyf;fpHhh;fspd; tHf;fpy;. mj;jPh;Kot[ Kd;jPh;g;g[ jilahf bray;gLk;. kw;w tHf;Ffspy;; murikg;gpd; tFKiwf;TW 141?,d; fPH; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kd;jPh;g;ghf bray;gLk;/ 13/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; vGg;gg;gl;l vjph;g;g[iuia ehk; Ma;t[ bra;tjw;FKd;.,r;rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 2(4)?,d; fPH; gl;oayplg;gl;lthW,J Kf;fpakhf K:d;W tifahd Fj;jifjhuh;fshd. m`jhtJ rl;lj;jpd; tifa';fspd;fPH; vg;nghJk; ghJfhf;fg;gLgth;fshd. cl;TWfs; (i) kw;Wk; (ii)(m)?,d; fPH; cs;slf;fg;gLgth;fs;; Kd;ehspl;l gaDld; TW (M)?I nrh;j;jjd; K:yk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?f;Fhpa tpyf;Ff;Twpd; fhuzkhf Kjypy; gyd;fs; kWf;fg;gl;l Fj;jifjhuh;fs;; filrpahf. cl;TW (,)?,d;go. nkw;Twg;gl;l tiffspd; fPH; cs;slf;fg;gLk; Fj;jifjhuh;fspd; thhpRfs; Mfpnahhpd; chpikfisg; ghJfhf;fpwnjad;wp. cs;?Fj;jifjhuh;fisnah. cs;?Fj;jifjhuh;fspd; thhpRfisnah my;y vd;gJ bjspt[/ cs;?Fj;jifjhuh;fs; rl;lg;gphpt[ 9?,d; fPH; epyj;jpid th';Fk; chpik my;yJ gphpt[fs; 3 kw;Wk; 44 ?,d; fPH; fl;Lkhdj;Jf;fhf brYj;jf;Toa el;l<L cl;gl rl;lj;jpd;fPH; mspf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; chpikfSf;Fk;. gyd;fSf;Fk; chpath;fsy;yh; vd cs;?Fj;jifjhuh;fisa[k;. mth;fsJ thhpRfisa[k; tpyf;fp. rl;lkd;wk;,ij bjspt[gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ cs;?Fj;jifjhuh;fnsh. @4/btspnaw;Wtjw;fhd chpik tHf;Ffisj; jPh;t[bra;jy;/? (1) Fj;jifjhuUf;F vjpuhd btspnaw;WjYf;fhd xh; chpik tHf;fpy; epyf;fpHhh; btw;wpf;fz;lhy;. gphpt[ 3?,d; fPH; brYj;jf;jf;f el;l<l;Lj; bjhif VJkpUg;gpd;. ePjpkd;wk; mjid cWjpbra;J. mt;thW bfhLf;fntz;oa[s;s bjhifia mwptpj;J. mt;thW bfhLf;fntz;oa[s;s bjhifiaj; jPh;g;ghiz njjpapypUe;J K:d;W khjj;jpw;Fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;; epyf;fpHhuhy; brYj;jg;gLtjd;nghpy;. Fj;jifjhuh; fl;olj;Jld;Toa epyj;jpd; cilikiaa[k;. mjpYs;s ku';fisa[k; epyf;fpHhhplk; xg;gilf;fntz;Lk; vdg; gzpj;J. chpik tHf;fpy; jPh;g;ghizaplntz;Lk;/ (2) khfhz rpW tHf;Ffs; ePjpkd;wr; rl;lk;. 1882 (kj;jpar; rl;lk; xv/1882)?,d; gphpt[ 41 fPHhd xU tpz;zg;gj;jpy; epyf;fpHhh; btw;wpf;fz;lhy;. gphpt[ 3?,d; fPH; brYj;jj;jf;f el;l<l;Lj; bjhifapid ePjpkd;wk; cWjpbra;J. mt;thW bfhLf;fntz;oa[s;s bjhifia mwptpj;J Xh;,ilf;fhy cj;juitg; gpwg;gpj;J. mt;thW bfhLf;fntz;oa[s;s bjhifia nkw;brhd;d,ilf;fhy cj;jut[ njjpapypUe;J K:d;W khj';fSf;Fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epyf;fpHhuhy; brYj;jg;gLtjd;nghpy;. epyf;fpHhh; khfhz rpW tHf;Ffs; ePjpkd;wr; rl;lk;. 1882 (kj;jpar; rl;lk; xv/1882)?,d; gphpt[ 43?,y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgoahd cj;jut[f;Fhpatuhthh; vd;W Twg;gl;Ls;sJ/ (3) mj;jifa chpik tHf;F my;yJ tpz;zg;gj;jpy;. Fj;jifa[hpik bjhlh;ghd Fj;jiff;fhf my;yJ kw;witf;fhf epyf;fpHhUf;F Fj;jifjhuuhy; VJk; bjhif brYj;jntz;oapUg;gjhf ePjpkd;wk; fz;lwpe;jhy;. cl;gphpt[ (2) my;yJ cl;gphpt[ 1?,d; fPH; neh;t[f;nfw;wthW bfhLf;fntz;oa[s;s bjhifia Kd;dpl;L mj;bjhifia ePjpkd;wk; rhpfl;o. mr;rhpf;fl;lYf;Fg; gpd;g[. mtUf;F bfhLf;fntz;oa bjhif VJk; kPjkpUg;gpd; mj;bjhifia btspnaw;Wifapd;nghpy; Fj;jifjhuUf;F brYj;jntz;oa bjhif vd mwptpj;J. xU jPh;g;ghizia my;yJ,ilf;fhy cj;juitg; gpwg;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ (4) bfhLf;fntz;oa[s;s bjhif cl;gphpt[ (1)?,d; fPHhd jPh;g;ghiz my;yJ cl;gphpt[ (2)?,d; fPHhd,ilf;fhy cj;jut[ njjpapypUe;J K:d;W khj';fSf;Fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; brYj;jg;glhtpoy; my;yJ gphpt[ 6?,d; fPH; tpz;zg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;.,e;j chpik tHf;F my;yJ tpz;zg;gk; neh;t[f;nfw;wthW js;Sgo bra;ag;gLk;/ mj;js;Sgo njjpapypUe;J Ie;J tUl fhyj;jpw;F epyf;fpHhh; btspnaw;Wiff;fhd xU g[jpa chpik tHf;fpidj; bjhLg;gjw;nfh my;yJ cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhd xU g[jpa tpz;zg;gj;ij mspg;gjw;nfh chpatuy;yh;/@ cs;?Fj;jifjhuh;fspd; thhpRfnsh *Fj;jifjhuh;fs;* my;yh;. vdnt. mth;fspd; tHf;fpy; cilik my;yJ cz;ikahd neuo cilik Fwpj;j tpdh Kf;fpakw;wjhFk;/ 14/ Kjypy;,aw;wg;gl;lthwhd rl;lj;jpd; nehf;f';fSf;Fk;. fhuz';fSf;Fk; mg;ghy; 1972 kw;Wk; 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;l';fs; bghJg;gilahditahft[k;. bgUk;gad;tpist[ bfhz;litahft[k; cs;sd/ nkYk;. rl;lg;gphpt[fs; 2(4). 9 kw;Wk; 12?,d; gy;ntW rl;lj;jpUj;j';fs; Kd;ehspl;l gaDilait/ eh';fs; rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;TwhdJ Kd;ehspl;l gaDld; ePf;fg;gl;oUg;gij Vw;bfdnt Fwpg;gpl;Ls;nshk;/ @fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;@ bjhlh;ghd tiuaiwa[ld; epyj;jpw;fhd gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Fj;jiffs;,dpnkYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; bgwhJ. nkYk; bghUe;jj;jf;fthW mJ rl;lj;jpd; tifa';fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;/ mjhtJ. Fj;jifjhuuhy; *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* bjhlh;ghd gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Fj;jif Mtzk; kw;Wk; brhj;Jhpik khw;Wr; rl;lg;gphpt[ 108 (bcwr;)5 Mfpaw;wpd; tiuaiwfs;,Ue;jnghjpYk;. rl;lg;gphpt[fs; 3. 4 kw;Wk; 9?,d; rl;lg;goahd fl;lisfs; bghUe;Jk;/ 5/ @108 Fj;jiff;F tpLgth; kw;Wk; Fj;jiff;F vLg;gthpd; chpikfSk; bghWg;g[fSk;/? [...] (bcwr;) Fj;jiff;F vLg;gth; 1 [Fj;jifia jPh;khdpj;j gpd;dU';Tl] ve;jepiyapy; brhj;jpid bgw;Wf;bfhz;lhnuh. mnjepiyapy; mjid tpl;lfYtjw;Fl;gl;L g{kpapy; cs;s midj;J bghUl;fisa[k; vr;rkaj;jpYk; 2 [mth; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l brhj;jpd; cilikapypUf;Fk;nghjd;wp. mjd; gpd;dh; my;y] mfw;wyhk;/@ rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?f;Fhpa tpyf;Ff;TW ePf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ljhy;. *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* bjhlh;ghd Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwfSld;Toa gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Fj;jif cld;gof;iffSf;Fk;. Kd;ehspl;l gaDld; bghUe;jj;jf;f Kot[f;F bfhz;Ltug;gl;l ntW Fj;jif cld;gof;iffSf;Fk;,ilnaahd ntWghL gphpt[ 12?,d;go cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nkYk; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Fj;jiffis bfhz;l epyf;fpHhh;fSk;. Fj;jifjhuh;fSk;. Fj;jifa[hpikfs; my;yJ epyj;jpd; gjpt[ bra;ag;glhj Fj;jiffs; my;yJ epyj;jpy; *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* bjhlh;ghd tiuaiw VJkpd;wp gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Fj;jiffs; bfhz;oUg;gth;fSld; rkepiyapYs;sdh;/ Vw;g[ilatifapy;. rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?f;Fhpa brhw;fs;-tpyf;Ff;TW ePf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;dnuna. gphpt[ 2(4)(i) kw;Wk; (ii)(m)?,d;go bghUs;tiuaWf;fg;gl;lthW. Fj;jifjhuh;fs; rl;lg;gphpt[fs; 3. 4 kw;Wk; 9?,d; ghJfhg;g[f;Fk;. gyDf;Fk; chpath;fshth;/ 1972 kw;Wk; 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;l';fs; thapyhf bra;ag;gl;l jpUj;j';fs;. ve;jKiwapYk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?f;Fhpa tpyf;Ff;Twpdhy; cs;slf;fg;glhj Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F tH';fg;gl;l ghJfhg;g[ my;yJ gyidj; jpUk;gg;bgwnth my;yJ Fiwf;fnthtpy;iy/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?f;Fhpa tpyf;Ff;Twpd; thapyhf,r;rl;lj;jpd; gyd; kWf;fg;gl;l Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F,r;rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;g[k;. nehf;fKk; tphpt[gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdntad;wp. 1972 kw;Wk; 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;l';fs; thapyhf bra;ag;gl;l jpUj;j';fs; Vw;bfdnt ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Fj;jifjhuh;fspd; chpikfisf; Fiwg;gd my;y/ 15/ 1972 kw;Wk; 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;l';fshy; bra;ag;gl;l rl;lj;jpUj;j';fs;. khWjy;fspd;go rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?f;Fhpa cl;TW (M) Kd;ehspl;l gaDld; nrh;f;fg;gl;L. rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?f;fhd tpyf;Ff;TW Kd;ehspl;l gaDld; ePf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 9?f;fhd jpUj;j';fs; Kd;ehspl;l gaDld; bra;ag;gl;L. mJ KG epiwthft[k; xl;Lbkhj;jkhft[k; bghUs;bfhs;sg;glntz;Lk;. bghUs;bfhs;tif tpjp ed;F mwpag;gl;l xd;whjyhy; xt;bthU rl;lg;gphpt[k; N:H;epiyg; bghUj;jj;ijf;bfhz;L bghUs;bfhs;sg;glntz;Lk;. nkYk; kw;w rl;lg;gphpt[fisg; bghWj;jtiuapy;.,ad;wst[f;F KGikahd rl;lKk;6 xU rPuhd rl;lkhf cUthf;Ftjw;nfahFk;/,r;rl;lj;jpUj;j';fshy;. rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;Twpd; K:yk; rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;g[hpik-gadpypUe;J ePf;fg;gLk; Fj;jifjhuh;fs; btt;ntW epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwfSld;,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; mspf;fg;gl;l chpikfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;g[ vy;iyf;Fs; bfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;wdh;/ mjhtJ. rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?f;fhd cl;gphpt[ (ii)(M) tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. nkYk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;Twpdhy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F kl;Lnk bghUe;jf;Toanjad;wp. Vw;bfdnt,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPHhd chpikfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;g[f;Fhpath;fshd Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;fy;y/,J. rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;Twpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?,d; cl;TW (ii)(M)?,d; gpe;ija 6/ Mh; ?vjph;? nghh;l; M`g; onul; (1965) 1 f;a{/gp/ 603?I Fwpg;gpl;L uf;gph; rp'; fpy; ? vjph;? Fh;rud; rp'; bjhcw;uh kw;Wk; gyh; 1980 v!;/rp/Mh;/ (3) 1302/ gFjpapypUe;Jk; nkYk; rl;lg;gphptpd; 12?f;fhd tpyf;Ff;TW. rl;lj;jpd; fPH; chpikfisf; nfhUtjpypUe;J me;j egh;fis tpyf;FfpwJ vd;w fhuzj;jpd;nghpy; me;egUf;F vjpuhfg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; tpsk;g[iff;fhd my;yJ cilikf;fhd my;yJ,njnghd;w ghpfhuj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizapypUe;Jk; bjspthfpd;wJ/ 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lk; K:yk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?f;Fhpa cl;TW (M)?I nrh;j;J bra;ag;gl;l jpUj;jk;. rl;lg;gphpt[fs; 3. 4 kw;Wk; 9 cld; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(i) my;yJ rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)(M)?,d; fPH; kw;wtifapy; ghJfhg;g[f;Fhpath;fshd Fj;jifjhuh;fs;kPJ g[jpa epge;jidfis tpjpg;gnjh my;yJ Fiwg;gnjh my;y/,Jt[';Tl. rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?f;fhd cl;TWfs; (ii)(m) kw;Wk; (ii)(M)?,y; *cz;ikahd neuo cilikapy; bjhlh;e;jpUj;jy;* vd;w brhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;oUf;ifapy;. mjd; cl;TW (ii)(m)?,y; cs;s *cilikapay; bjhlh;e;jpUj;jy;* vd;w brhy;iy rl;lkd;wk; gad;gLj;JtjpypUe;J tUfpd;wJ/,e;j rl;lkd;wk; jPu Muha;e;J cl;TWfs; (ii)(m) kw;Wk; (ii)(M)?,y; btt;ntW thh;j;ijfis gad;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ 1972 kw;Wk; 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;l';fspd; thapyhf bra;ag;gl;l kw;w jpUj;j';fSld; nrh;j;J,aw;wg;gl;l cl;TW (ii)(M) bghUs;bfhs;sg;glntz;Lk;. nkYk;. mjd;go rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;Twpid ePf;fk;bra;jjd; K:yk;,r;rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;g[ vd;w Filapd; fPH; bfhz;Ltug;gLk; Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F bghUe;jj;jf;fJ/ Mifahy; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?f;Fhpa cl;TW (ii)(m). *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* bjhlh;ghf gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y Mtzkpd;wp epyj;ij Fj;jiff;F vLj;Jf;bfhz;l Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F bghUe;jj;jf;fJ vDk;nghJ. rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?Dila cl;TW (ii)(M) rl;lg;gphpt[ 12?f;fhd ePf;fg;gl;l tpyf;Ff;Twpd;go cs;slf;fg;gLk; Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;Fk; bghUe;jf;TLk;/ 16/ re;njfkpd;wp. rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?f;fhd cl;TW (ii)(m) epyj;jpid Fwpf;fpd;wJ. nkYk;.,e;j epyk; fl;olj;ij cs;slf;fhJ vd;whYk;. xU Fj;jifjhuh;. fl;olk; xd;iw cl;TW (ii)(M)?,d; fPH; mikj;jpUf;Fk; neh;tpy; cl;TW (ii)(M) bghUe;jj;jf;fnjad;wp. cl;TW (ii)(m) my;y vd;gJ gphpt[ 2(4)?f;fhd cl;TWfs; (ii)(m) kw;Wk; (ii)(M)?f;fpilnaahd ntWghl;od; mog;gilapyhdJ vd;w mog;gilf;TWld; *epyk;* kw;Wk; *fl;olk;* vd;w brhw;fs; Kiwna rl;lg;gphpt[ 2?f;fhd TWfs; (1) kw;Wk; (2)?,d; thapyhf jdpj;jdpna bghUs;tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;W jPh;khdpf;f eh';fs; ehl;l';bfhs;stpy;iy/ xU epyj;jpd; Fj;jifjhuh;. fl;olk; VJk; fl;ltpy;iybadpy;. cl;TW (ii)(m) bghUe;Jk;. xU epyj;jpd; Fj;jifjhuh; fl;olk; fl;oapUe;jhy; cl;TW (ii)(M) bghUe;Jk; vd;Dk; thjj;jpy; v';fSf;F cld;ghoy;iy/,jw;fhd fhuzk; btspg;gilahdJ/,r;rl;lk;. fhuz';fs; kw;Wk; nehf;f';fspd;go,aw;wg;gl;L. Fj;jif epy';fisg; bgw;w Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F rpy chpikfis tH';fp. mjd;nghpy; mth;fs; epahakhd Fj;jifapid brYj;jptUk; tiuapy;. mth;fs; btspnaw;wg;glkhl;lhh;fs; vd;Dk; cl;fpilahd g[hpe;Jzh;t[ld; fl;olj;ij mikj;Jf;bfhs;Sk;tifapy; mkyhf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lk; K:yk; rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?f;fhd cl;TW (M),aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;dnuna. cl;TW (ii)(m)?My; cs;slf;fg;gLk; Fj;jifjhuh;fs;,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;/ rl;lg;gphpt[ 2(4)?cld; Kjypy;,aw;wg;gl;lgoahd,r;rl;lkhdJ. 1973?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd;go jpUj;jk; bra;gg;gLtjw;F Kd;dnu *Fj;jifjhuh;* vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; bghUs;tiuaWj;J. gphpt[ 12?f;fhd ePf;fg;gl;l tpyf;Ff;Twpd;go cs;slf;fg;gl;l @fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;@ bjhlh;ghd tiuaiwfSld; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y xg;ge;j';fisr; bra;Jbfhz;l Fj;jifjhuh;fs; eP';fyhf. fl;Lf;Fj;jif epyj;jpidg;bgw;W mjd;gpd;dh; xU fl;olj;ij mikj;j midj;J Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;Fk; bghUe;jf;ToajhFk;/ 17/ nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; tHf;Fiu"uhy; rhh;t[wg;gl;l Rthkp nkhl;lhh; ouhd;!;nghh;l;!; (gp) ypkpbll; kw;Wk; xUth; ?vjph;? _ r';fuRthkpfs; klk; kw;Wk; xUth;7 vd;w tHf;fpd; MW ePjpaurh;fs; bfhz;l murikg;g[ mkh;tpd; jPh;Kot[.,r;rl;lj;Jld; bjhlh;g[ilajhapUe;jhYk;. 1960?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpid vjph;g;gJ bjhlh;ghdjhFk;/,jd;K:yk; j";rht{h; efuhl;rpf;Fl;gl;l efu';fspy; cs;s fl;Lf;Fj;jif epyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l FoapUg;gy;yhj fl;ol';fs; ePf;fg;gl;L. rl;lj;jpd; gyd; kWf;fg;gl;lJ/,j;jPh;g;g[iu. murikg;gpd; tFKiwf;TW 14?,d; fPH; tifg;gLj;Jjy; vd;w 7/ 1963 Rg;/ (1) v!;/rp/Mh;/ 282 nfhl;ghl;od;nghpy; murikg;g[f;Fhpa Kiwikia typa[Wj;jpa[k;. murikg;g[ tFKiwf;TW 19(1)(v`g;)?,d;fPH; brhj;J chpikiaa[k; cWjpbra;jJ/ epYitapYs;s btspnaw;Wjy; eltof;iffisg; bghWj;jtiuapY';Tl,e;jpahtpYs;s rl;lkhdJ neh;ikahd brhj;Jfis m';fPfhpg;gjpy;iy vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/ nkYk;.,e;j epyj;jpid th';Ftjw;fhd rl;lg;goahd chpikahdJ. epyj;ij th';Ftjw;fhd chpikia kl;Lnk mspf;fpwnjad;wp. brhj;jpy; chpikianah my;yJ ghj;jpaijianah mspf;ftpy;iy/,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;Jg;go. epyk; th';Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rl;lg;goahd chpik vd;gJ cilika[hpikrhuhj chpikahFk;/ neh;ikahd brhj;Jfs;nghpyhd gpur;rpidapd;nghpy; rl;lg;gphpt[ 9. epyf;fpHhUf;F chpikahd epyk; bjhlh;ghf kl;Lnk chpikaspf;fpwnjad;wp. Fj;jifjhuUf;F chpikahd nkw;fl;Lkhdk; vjida[k; Fwpj;jy;y vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/,e;j nkw;fl;Lkhdj;jpd; kPjhd Fj;jifjhuhpd; chpikahdJ rl;lg;gphpt[ 9?,d; fPnHh my;yJ 1960?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd;go bra;ag;gl;l jpUj;jpd;gonah gwpf;fg;glt[kpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;glt[kpy;iy/,jw;F Kd;dUk;. lhf;lh; nf/V/ ijh;athd; kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;? nf/Mh;/ jhTh; kw;Wk; gyh;8 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk;,';fpyhe;J murg;nguitapd; gy;ntW jPh;Kot[fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l gpwF. kz;zpy; bghUj;jg;gLk; my;yJ fl;lg;gLk; vJntahapDk;. mJ mjDila xU gFjpahf Mfp. me;j kz;zpYs;sthnw mnj brhj;JhpikfSf;F 8/ 1959 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 799 cl;gl;ljhFk; vd;Dk; KGikahd rl;l tpjp VJkpy;iy vd;W jPh;khdpj;jpUe;jJ/ eh';fs;,e;jpahtpy; fl;ol';fs; bjhlh;ghf m`jhtJ mit epy chpikahsUf;F brhe;jkhf,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;w M';fpy rl;lf; nfhl;ghl;oidg; bghUj;Jtjpy;iy/ brhj;Jhpik khw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 108?,d; TW (bcwr;). Fj;jif vLg;gth; brhj;jpd; cilikapypUf;ifapy;. cilik khw;wg;gl;l epyj;jpy; vGg;gg;gLk; fl;ol';fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lkhd';fs; midj;ija[k; mfw;wyhnkbahHpa mjd;gpd;g[ my;y vd;gjw;F bghUe;jj;jf;fJ vDkplj;J. mjd;go Fj;jif vLg;gthplk; fl;olj;jpd; cilika[hpik,Uf;Fnkad;wp Fj;jif tpLgthplk; my;y vd;Wk; bghUs;gLfpwJ/ mnjrkak;. Fj;jif vLg;gtuhy; epyj;jpd;kPJ vGg;gg;gLk; fl;olk; my;yJ fl;Lkhdj;ij el;l<L VJk; bgwhky; xg;gilg;gjw;fhd xg;ge;jk; bra;tjpypUe;J mtiu vJt[k; jLf;fhJ/ 18/ gp/ mde;jfpUc&;zd; ehah; kw;Wk; xUth; ?vjph;? lhf;lh; $p/,uhkfpUc&;zd; kw;Wk; xUth;9 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; mkh;t[,r;rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 9 kw;Wk; gphpt[ 2(4)?I bghUs;tpsf;fk;bra;J. 1972 kw;Wk; 1973?Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpUj;j';fSf;Fg; gpd;dh;. gphpt[fs; 3. 4 kw;Wk; 5?,d; fl;lisgo. Fiwe;jgl;r epyg;gug;g[ @Fj;jifjhuuhy; trjpahf Ja;j;J kfpH;tjw;F njitahdjhf,Uf;fyhk;@ vd;gij Kjypy; jPh;khdpf;fntz;oaJ,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; chpikf;fl;lisahFk;/ ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;l tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfs;nghpy;. Fj;jifjhuUf;F epyj;jpd; ve;jg; 9/ (1987) v!;/rp/rp/ 429 gFjpa[k; njitg;gltpy;iy vd;w neh;tpy;. mJ Fj;jifjhuUf;F. epyf;fpHhh; el;l<L brYj;Jtjw;F gzpj;J. tpz;zg;gj;ij epuhfhpj;J btspnaw;Wtjw;fhd chpik tHf;fpid jPh;g;ghizaplyhk; vd;w Kot[f;F te;Js;sJ vd;W fUj;Jiuj;J. ePjpah; mkh;t[ tyg;gf;f rha;t[ vGj;jpYs;s brhw;fshy; typa[Wj;jpaJ/ gphpt[ 9 Fj;jifjhuUf;F rpwg;g[hpik mspf;fpwnjad;wp milt[w;w chpikia my;y. 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Fj;jifapd;nghpy; epyj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhz;L. gpd;dpl;L. fl;ol';fis fl;Ltjw;fhf tha;bkhHpahf my;yJ gjpt[ bra;ag;glhj vGj;JK:y cld;gof;iffs; my;yJ *fl;ol';fis vGg;g[jy;* bjhlh;ghf tiuaiw VJkpy;yhj gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l vGj;JK:y cld;gof;iffs; bra;Jbfhz;l Fj;jifjhuh;fs; ahtUf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;/,r;rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 2?,d; TW (4)?,d; cl;TWfs; (i) my;yJ (ii)(m)?,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epge;jidfis Fj;jifjhuh; g{h;j;jpbra;a[k;gl;rj;jpy; mj;jifa Fj;jifjhuh;fs;,r;rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;g[f;Fhpath;fshth;/ (II) 1972?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf ePf;fg;gl;l gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;Twpd; fhuzkhf,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPGs;s chpikfSf;Fhpath;fsy;yhj Fj;jifjhuh;fSf;F,r;rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 2?,d; TW (4)?,y; cl;TW (ii)(M)?,d; gj;jp 1 bghUe;JfpwJ/ 1972?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jhy; ePf;fg;gl;l gphpt[ 12?f;fhd tpyf;Ff;TW.,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPH; chpikfs; nfhUtjpypUe;J Fj;jifjhuiu tpyf;FfpwJ vd;w fhuzj;jpd;nghpy; Fj;jifjhuUf;F vjpuhf tpsk;g[iff;fhd jPh;g;ghiz my;yJ cilik my;yJ,njnghd;w ghpfhuj;jpw;fhd Xh; Miz my;yJ jPh;g;ghiz gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; tHf;FfSf;F nkw;brhd;d cl;Twpd; gj;jp 2 bghUe;JfpwJ/ mjd;go. gphpt[ 2(4)(ii)?,d; cl;TW (M). 197211 ?Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf Kd;ehspl;l gaDld; ePf;fg;gl;l gphpt[ 12?,d; tpyf;Ff;Twpd;go,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPH; ghJfhg;gpypUe;J Kd;dnu tpyf;fg;gl;l Fj;jifa[hpikfSf;F kl;Lnk bghUe;Jk;/

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