dcb55ba7465327cd5aed3512e779d3f576551ef8a69e04fc8094f3d8cfa1d2df

20 Mz;Lfshf klj;ij eph;tfpj;J te;jhh;/ jw;nghJs;s klhjpgjp. 1939?Mk; Mz;oy; klj;jpd; rPlh;fshy; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;lhh;/ 1928?Mk; Mz;oy;. kJiu khtl;l Ml;rpah;.,dhk; epy';fisj; jpUk;g vLj;Jf;bfhz;L. epy';fis KGikahd kjpg;gPL bra;at[k;. klj;jpd; ghpghydj;jpw;F mjDila thpiar; brYj;jt[k; Miz xd;iwg; gpwg;gpj;jhh;/ jpUk;g vLj;Jf;bfhz;l gpwF. epy';fs;.,dhk; epy';fspd; @gp@ gjpntl;oypUe;J uaj;thhp epy';fspd; @V@ gjpntl;ow;F khw;wg;gl;L. epy';fspd; cilikapYs;s thjp kw;Wk; gpw egh;fspd; bgahpy; Tl;Lg; gl;lh tH';fg;gl;lJ/ klk;. epy';fspd; cilikiag; bgw;Wf;bfhz;lnghJ. thjp 1950?Mk; Mz;L $dthp khjk; tiuapy; tHf;F epy';fspd; cilikapy; bjhlh;e;jpUe;Jte;jhh;/ tHf;F epy';fspd; cilikia kPsg;bgw klj;jpd; rhh;ghf mjDila jw;nghija klhjpgjpa[k;. KftUk; nfhhpaij vjph;j;J. 1954?Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp jp';fs; 18?Mk; njjpad;W thjp chpik tHf;F xd;iwj; bjhLj;jhh;/ thjp vjph;epiy cilik K:yKk;.,dhk; epy';fis kPz;Lk; vLj;Jf;bfhz;ljd;nghpy; jdJ rhh;ghf uaj;thjp gl;lh tH';fg;gl;ljhYk; epy';fSf;fhd chpikK:yj;ij mile;jjhff; Twpa[s;shh;/ jpz;Lf;fy; rhh;g[ ePjpgjp. thjpapd; thjj;ij Vw;Wf;bfhz;L. chpik tHf;ifj; jPh;g;ghizapl;lhh;/ nky;KiwaPl;od;nghpy;. kJiu khtl;l ePjpgjp. jPh;g;ghizia ePf;fwt[ bra;J. chpik tHf;ifj; js;Sgo bra;jhh;/,uz;lhtJ nky;KiwaPl;od;nghpy;. bkl;uh!; cah; ePjpkd;wk;. rhh;g[ ePjpgjpapd; jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; jPh;g;ghizia kPl;lspj;jJ/ jw;nghJ gpujpthjpfs;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rpwg;g[ mDkjp K:yk; nky;Kiwapl;Ls;sdh;/ nky;KiwaPl;od; epYitapd;nghJ. thjp?vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;,we;Jtpl;lhh;. nkYk; mtuJ rl;lKiwahd gpujpepjpfs; mtuJ,lj;jpy; gjpyikf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;/ 2/ thjp gpd;tUk; fhuz';fspd;nghpy; tHf;F epy';fSf;fhd chpikK:yj;ijf; nfhhpa[s;shh;: (1) 1915?Mk; Mz;oypUe;J. mtUk; mtuJ chpik Kd;dth;fSk; epy';fspd; vjph;epiy cilikapy;,Ue;Jte;jdh; kw;Wk; 1927?Mk; Mz;oy;

12 Mz;Lfs; fhyhtjpahdjd;nghpy;. mth;,e;jpa fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. 1908. tFKiwf;TW 144 cld; gphpt[ 28?,d; fPH; epy';fSf;F ePlDnghf chpikK:yj;ij mile;jhh;: (2) jpUk;gf; iff;bfhs;Sjy; eltof;iffs; K:yk;. uaj;thjp gl;lh tH';fg;gl;L. mtuJ rhh;ghf xU g[jpa cilika[hpikf; fhyk; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhy;. mth; epy';fspy; KGikahd cilika[hpikia mile;jhh;; kw;Wk; (3) vt;thwhapDk; 1928 Kjw;bfhz;L. mth; epy';fspd; vjph;epiy cilikapypUe;J te;jhh;. 1940?Mk; Mz;oy; 12 Mz;Lfs; fhyhtjpahdjd;nghpy;. mth;.,e;jpa fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. 1908?,d; tFKiwf;TW 134?M cld; gphpt[ 28?,d; fPH; epy';fSf;F ePlDnghf chpikK:yj;ij mile;jhh;/ thjpapd; Kjy; thjk; Vw;fg;glntz;Lbkd eh';fs; fUJtjhy;. mtuJ nfhUhpikapd;,U ntW fhuz';fisg; ghprPypf;f ntz;oajpy;iy/ 6/ eh';fs; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; thjj;ij Vw;f tpUk;g[fpnwhk;/ klj;jpw;Fr; brhe;jkhd mira[k; brhj;Jfspd; cilikf;fhf.,e;jpa fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;.

1908. tFKiwf;TW 144?,d; fPH; klj;jhnyh my;yJ mjd; rhh;ghf egh; vtuhYnkh jhf;fy; bra;ag;gLk; chpik tHf;Ff;fhd fhytiuaiw. gpujpthjpapd; cilik. thjpf;F vjpuhfpwnghjhd fhyj;jpypUe;J bjhl';FfpwJ/ klk;. bfhilaspf;fg;gl;l brhj;jpd; chpikahsh;/ rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l eguhd Xh; cUtikg;g[ nghd;Ws;s klk;. brhj;Jfis milag;bgWjy;. brhe;jk; bfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; cilikbfhs;Sjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F mjpfhuk;bgw;Wk;. tHf;fplt[k;. tHf;fplg;glt[khd jFjpiaa[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ Xh; cah; rpwg;ghd egh;. kdpj Kfikapd; K:yk; mjd; cyfpay; tpla';fs; bjhlh;ghd mtrpakhd braiyr; bra;antz;Lk;/ ghh;f;f: ghgh$puht; ?vjph;?,yc&;kz;jh!; (1904) I/vy;/Mh;/ 28 gk;gha; 215 (223)/,J ePlDnghfk; K:yk; brhj;ij milayhk;. mnjnghd;W vjph;epiy cilikK:yk; brhj;ij,Hf;fyhk;/ klk; mjd; brhj;jpd; cilikapypUf;ifapy; mJ gwpf;fg;gl;lhnyh my;yJ Xh; mayhspd; cilik vjph;epiyahdhnyh. mJ ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shfpwJ. nkYk; brhj;ij kPsg;bgWtjw;fhf tHf;fpLk; chpik bfhz;Ls;sJ/ rl;lg;goahf epakpf;fg;gl;l klhjpgjp,Ug;ghbudpy;. mth;. mjd;bghUl;L chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;ayhk;;,y;iybadpy;. epfH;epiy klhjpgjp mt;thW bra;ayhk;/ kfjpnah gpurhj; rp'; ?vjph;? fhpah ghh;jp 62,e;j; mg;gPy; 47 g/51?,y; ghh;f;ft[k;. vg;bghGJ njitnah. mg;bghGJ klj;jpd; rPlnuh my;yJ kw;w gadhsnuh. mjd; rhh;ghf tHf;fpLk; chpikbfhz;l brhj;Jg;ngQqeiu epakpg;gjd; K:ynkh my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cw;w ez;guhy; mjd; bgahpy; Xh; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;tjd; K:ynkh. mjDila rl;lg;goahd chpikfis epWt[tjw;fhd eltof;iffis vLf;fyhk;/ klnkh my;yJ mjpy; mf;fiw bfhz;lth;fnsh. chpa rpuj;ija[ld; fhyhtjpahtijj; jtph;f;fyhk;/ tFKiwf;TW 144?,d; fPH; klj;jpw;fhd fhytiuaiwapd; fhyhtjpia rl;lg;goahf epakpf;fg;gLk; klhjpgjp,y;yhjepiyapy; epWj;jpitf;fg;glyhfhJ; bjspthf. fhytiuaiw. epfH;epiy klhjpgjpahy; ifahsg;gLfpwtplj;J. mjd;kPjhd fhytiuaiw fhyhtjpahfptpLk;. ghh;f;f: tpjy;nghth ?vjph;? ehuhaz; jh$p. (1893) I/vy;/Mh;/ 18 gk;gha; 507. g/511?,y;; kw;Wk; rl;lg;goahfnth my;yJ epfH;epiyahfnth klhjpgjp,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mJ rkkhfnt bray;gLk; vd eh';fs; fUJfpnwhk;/ 10/,e;jpa fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. 1908. gphpt[ 28 cld; tFKiwf;TW 144?,d; braw;ghl;od;go. tHf;F epy';fSf;fhd klj;jpd; chpikK:yk;. 1927?Mk; Mz;oy; Kot[f;F te;Jtpl;lJ kw;Wk; thjp. ePlDnghfk; K:yk; epy';fSf;fhd chpikK:yj;ij mile;jhh;/ mth; 1950?Mk; Mz;L $dthp jp';fs; tiuapy; epy';fspd; cilikapy; bjhlh;e;jpUe;Jte;jhh;. mth; jd;tpUg;gkhf klj;jpw;F epy';fspd; cilikia xg;gilj;jhh;. Mdhy; mj;jifa cilik xg;gilg;g[. klj;jpw;F chpikK:yk; vjida[k; khw;wptpltpy;iy/ chpik tHf;F 1954?Mk; Mz;oy; chpa fhyj;jpw;Fs;shfnt jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;lJ/ (typa[Wj;jpf; Twg;gl;lJ)@ 8/ xU';fpize;j ePjpauhaj;jhy; jPh;t[ bra;ag;gl;l. ghy;fpUc&z; ?vjph;? rj;agpufhc&; kw;Wk; gyh;. 2001 (2) v!;/rp/rp/ 498 vd;w tHf;fpy;. thjp. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; chpikK:y tpsk;g[iff;fht[k;. epue;ju cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;fhft[k; chpik tHf;F xd;iwj; jhf;fy; bra;jhh;/,e;ePjpkd;wk;. thjp. vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; jdJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhz;lhuh> vd;w nfs;tpiag; ghprPypj;jJ/ vjph;epiy cilik bjhlh;ghd rl;lk; ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. vjph;epiy ciliknfhUk; eguhdth;. tw;g[Wj;jypd;wp. kiwKfkhftd;wp kw;Wk; mDkjpapd;wp vd;w K:d;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j njitg;ghLfis epU:gpf;fntz;Lk;/ tprhuiz ePjpkd;wKk;. Kjy; nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; chpik tHf;fpy; jPh;g;ghizapl;lnghjpYk;. cah; ePjpkd;wk; mijj; js;Sgo bra;Jtpl;lJ/,e;ePjpkd;wk;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapyhd thjpapd; tHf;fpy; jPh;g;ghizapl;L. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l jPh;g;ghizia kPl;lspj;J. fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @6/,k;nky;KiwaPl;oy; ghprPyidf;fhf vGfpd;w RUf;fkhd nfs;tp ahbjdpy;: Vyj;jpy; th';fpath;fSf;F tHf;F epyj;jpd; cilikia xg;gilf;f nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F tl;lhl;rpah; gpwg;gpj;j Miz,Ue;jJ vd;w fhuzj;jpd;nghpy; vjph;epiy cilikK:yk; mth; jdJ chpikK:yj;;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhz;lhh; vd;W jPh;khdpj;jjpy; cah; ePjpkd;wk; gpiHg[hpe;Jtpl;ljh> vd;gjhFk;/ 7/ vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;FtJ bjhlh;ghd rl;lk; ed;F mWjpaplg; gl;Ls;sJ/ vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; chpikK:yk; nfhUk; egh;. tw;g[Wj;jypd;wp. kiwKfkhf,d;wp. mDkjpapd;wp vd;w K:d;W @,d;wp@?ia epU:gpf;fntz;Lk;/ mjhtJ mth;. jdJ cilik bjhlh;r;rpahdjpYk;. btspg;gilahdjpYk;. gug;gpYk; nghjpastpYs;sjhff; fhz;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ v!;/vk;/ fhPk; ?vjph;? gPgp rfpdh [1964] 6 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 780 vd;w tHf;fpy; (mg;nghjpUe;j) ePjpaurh; cwpjaj;Jy;yh mth;fs;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jPh;g;g[iuf;ifapy;,t;thW fUj;Jiuj;jhh;: @vjph;epiy cilik. bjhlh;r;rpahdtifapYk;. btspg;gilahdjpYk;. mstpYk; nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fntz;Lk; kw;Wk; cilik vg;nghJ vjph;epiyahdJ vd;gijf; fhz;gpf;f Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU nfhhpf;if njitg;gLfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdUf;fhd fhytiuaiwapd; Muk;gg;g[s;spia fz;lwpaKoa[k;/@ 14/ nc&f; Kf;g[y; myp ?vjph;? nc&f; t$j; cw^ird;. (1876) 25 lgps;a{/Mh;/ 249 vd;w tHf;fpy;. cah; ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;jjhtJ: @jPh;g;ghiz vd;dthf,Ue;jhYk;. gpujpthjpapd; cilik cz;ikapy; gwpf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp. mj;jPh;g;ghizapd; Kot[fspdhy; mtuJ cilik Kot[f;F te;Jtpl;ljhff; fUjg;glKoahJ/ mtUf;F vjpuhf jPh;g;ghiz,Uf;fpwJ vd;w r';fjp. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk; tpiuthff; fle;Jbfhz;oUf;Fk; fhyj;ijj; jLj;JtplhJ/@ 15/ v';fSila fUj;Jg;go. bkl;uh!; cah; ePjpkd;wk; nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tHf;Ffspy; rhpahfr; rl;lj;ij tFj;Jiuj;Js;sJ/ 17/ nkw;go tpthjj;jpypUe;J. vjph;g;gpYs;s cah; ePjpkd;wj; jPh;g;g[iuiaa[k;. jPh;g;ghiziaa[k; epiyepWj;jKoahJ vd;W Kot[WfpwJ/ mjd;go mit ePf;fwt[ bra;ag;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iuiaa[k;. jPh;g;ghiziaa[k; cWjpbra;j Kjy; nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iua[k;. jPh;g;ghiza[k; kPl;lspf;fg;gLfpwJ/ mjw;fpz';f nky;KiwaPL mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwbjd;whYk;. tHf;fpd; N:H;epiyfisg; bghWj;jstpy;. bryt[j;bjhif,y;iy vd;gjhFk;/@ (typa[Wj;jpf; Twg;gl;lJ) 9/ nj!; uh$; kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;? gfj; uhk; (,we;jth;) rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjpfs; K:ykhf kw;Wk; gyh;. (2007) 9 v!;/rp/rp/ 641 vd;w tHf;fpy;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy;. chpikK:y tpsk;g[iff;fhft[k;. nkYk; epue;ju cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;fhft[k;. thjpahy; chpik tHf;F xd;W jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;lJ/ fPHik ePjpkd;wk;. vjph;epiy cilik vd;w fhuzj;jpd;nghpy; thjpapd; chpik tHf;ifj; jPh;g;ghizapl;lJ/ mJ.,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhYk; cWjp bra;ag;gl;lJ/,e;ePjpkd;wk;. tFKiwf;TWfs; 64 kw;Wk; 65?f;F vjpbujph;Kfkhf cs;s tFKiwf;TWfs; 142 kw;Wk; 144?My; mr;rl;lj;jpy; bfhz;Ltug;gl;l khw;wj;ijg; ghprPypj;jJ/ tidag;gl;l vGtpdh vz; 1 ahbjdpy;. thjp. vjph;epiy cilikK:yk; tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; chpikahsuhfpwhuh> vd;gjhFk;/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w nfhhpf;if. kWg;g[f;fplkpd;wp rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TWfs; 64 kw;Wk; 65?f;Fl;gl;ljhFk; vd,e;ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ/,e;ePjpkd;wk;,t;thwhf,t;tHf;if tpthjpj;Js;sJ: @20/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w nfhhpf;if my;yJ btspnaw;wy; vd;w nfhhpf;if. kWg;g[f;fplkpd;wp fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TWfs; 64 kw;Wk; 65?My; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ 22/ thjp. cilikbfhs;Sk; vz;zj;ij bka;g;gpj;jhyd;wp. chpikK:yj;ijf; bfhz;nl cWjpg;gLj;JtJ kl;Lk; nghJkhdjy;y/ Mdhy;. chpik tHf;fpYs;s brhj;Jfis jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; kw;Wk; jdf;fhf md;wp kw;w Tl;Lhpikahsh;fspd;bghUl;L cilikbfhs;Sk; thjp jug;gpYs;s vz;zk;. gpujpthjpfs;?nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshnyna Kd;djhf,U chpik tHf;Ffs; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;oUe;jd vd;w bghUz;ikapypUe;Jk; bjspthfpwJ/ mt;t[hpik tHf;Ffs; ghfg;gphptpidf;fhf jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;oUe;jd/ mt;t[hpik tHf;Ffspy; gpujpthjpfs;?nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fns j';fis thjpapd; Tl;Lhpikahsh;fshff; Twpf;bfhz;ldh;/ fPHik ePjpkd;w';fspd; jPh;g;g[iufisr; rhjhuzkhfg; ghh;itapLtjpypUe;J. mjpYs;s thjpa[';Tl jdf;Fj;jhnd cilika[hpikapidf; nfhhp vjph;epiy chpikK:yj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpapUe;jJ bjspthfnt tps';FfpwJ/ tHf;F epyj;jpd; kPJ thjpahy; vjph;epiy chpikK:yk; nfhug;gl;ljhnyna nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;Fj; bjhpate;jJ/ mth;fs; 1977?Mk; Mz;oy; Kjy; chpik tHf;F js;Sgoahf mDkjpj;jdh;/ kw;bwhU chpik tHf;F 1978?Mk; Mz;oy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;L. mJ 1984?Mk; Mz;oy; js;Sgo bra;ag;gl;lJ/ fPHik ePjpkd;w';fs; Kd;ghf nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; rhh;ghf thjplg;gl;Ls;sthW ghfg;gphptpidf;fhd tHf;FK:yk; bjhlh;r;rpahd xd;whf,Uf;Fkhdhy;. Tl;Lhpikahsh; mLj;jLj;J chpik tHf;Ffisf; bfhz;Ltuyhk; vd;gJ cz;ikahf,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;. Xh; chpik tHf;F epYitapypUg;gJ *fhytiuaiw* fle;J bfhz;oUg;gijj; jLj;JepWj;jp? tplhJ vd;gJ jf;fthW ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ 1953?Mk; Mz;oy; tUtha; chpikfs; mWjpaPL Mtzj;jpy; gjpt[f;Fwpg;g[s;sjhf brhy;yg;gl;lhYk;. mjid thjpfs; jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; cilikbfhs;s gpujpthjpfs; mDkjpj;jdh;. nkYk;. rk;ny fpuhkj;jpYs;s brhj;Jfis cilikbfhs;tjw;fhd kw;Wk;-my;yJ ntWtifapy; mjd; Efh;t[hpikia mDgtpg;gjw;fhd mth;fspd; Kaw;rp btw;wpa[wtpy;iy vd;w bghUz;ikna. nkw;go chpik tHf;fpd; jhf;fYf;F Kd;djhfnt. thjp?vjph;nky; KiwaPl;lhsh; mjpy; vjph;epiy cilikapnyna,Ue;J te;jhh; vd;gijj; bjspthfnt fhz;gpf;fpwJ/ 24/ vJ vt;thwhapDk; thjp. brhj;Jf;fhd chpikK:yj;ijf; nfhhp. 1968?Mk; Mz;oy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l chpik tHf;fpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; jdJ vjph;tHf;Fiuapnyna jdJ vjph;epiy mwptpg;igr; bra;jpUe;jhh;/,t;thwhf. thjp 1968?Mk; Mz;L Kjw;bfhz;nl. gpujpthjpfs;? nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;F bjhpe;nj. tHf;F epyj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l cilikiaj; bjhlh;e;Jte;jhh;/ 26/ Mfnt. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. 1963. tFKiwf;TW 65.,j;jifa jd;iktha;e;j tHf;fpy; 1953?Mk; Mz;L Kjw;bfhz;L g';fhw;wpapUf;ftpy;iybad;whYk;. Fiwe;jgl;rk; 1968?Mk; Mz;oypUe;jhtJ g';fhw;wpapUf;f ntz;Lk;/ mJ mt;thwpUf;ifapy; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. jdJ chpikK:yj;ij vjph;epiy cilik kw;Wk; btspnaw;Wifapd; K:yk; KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhz;lhh; vd;w cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fhz;Kot[. rl;lg;go tYtpHe;J? tpl;ljhfr; brhy;yg;gl,ayhJ/ 28/ eh';fs;. nfhtpe;jk;khs; ?vjph;? Mh;/ bgUkhs; brl;oahh; kw;Wk; gyh;. (2006) 11 v!;/rp/rp/ 600?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; rkPgj;jpa jPh;Kotpida[k; ftdpf;fhky;,Ue;Jtpltpy;iy. mjpy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;ljhtJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;fk; 606. gj;jp 8) @xUth; vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf btspnaw;wg;gLk; bghUl;Lk;. me;egh; cilik bfhz;oUf;fpwhh; vd;W jug;gpdh; vjph;epiy ghj;jpaijiaf; fhz;gpf;f cWjpahd rhl;rpaj;ij Kd;itf;fntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mJ vt;thW bka;g;gpf;fg;glyhbkd;why;. mJ xt;bthU tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfspd; kPJ rhh;e;jpUf;Fk;/@ 31/,t;tHf;fpy; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; rpwg;gpay;ghd bghUz;ikfisf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L. thjp?vjph;nky;Kiw? aPl;lhsh;. jdJ Tl;L?g';Fjhuh;fSf;Fj; bjhpe;nj. jdf;Fj;jhnd vjph;epiy chpikK:yj;ij mwptpj;Jf;bfhz;L. gpujpthjpfs;?nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fis btspnaw;wpajd; K:yk; chpikK:yj;ij mile;Jtpl;ljhf epiyehl;otpl;lhh; vd eh';fs; fUJfpnwhk;/@ 10/ fpc&pjpc&; re;jpu ngh!; ?vjph;? Mizah;.,uh";rp. (1981) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 103 vd;w tHf;fpy;.,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; K:tukh; ePjpauhak; thjpahyhd vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j nfs;tpiag; ghprPypj;jJ/ thjp. rl;lg;goahd Mizapd; mog;gilapYk;. 30 Mz;Lfshf vjph;epiy cilikapypUe;J tUtjd; mog;gilapYk; chpikK:y tpsk;g[iff;fhft[k;. cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhft[k; Xh; chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;jhh;/ tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; *chpikK:yk;* nkYk; *vjph;epiy cilik* vd;w,uz;od; mog;gilapy; chpik tHf;fpy; jPh;g;ghizapl;lJ/ thjpapd; nky;KiwaPL,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ/ vjph;epiy cilik. tHf;fpy; thjpapd; Kuz;ghlw;w elj;ijKiwahy; epWtg;gl;oUe;jJ. cilikahdJ efuhl;rpf;F KGikahf bjhpe;jtiuapy; vjph;epiyahdJ vd,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/ Mjyhy; cah; ePjpkd;wk;. vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j fhz;Kotpy; jiyaplf;Toajd;W. nkYk; ePjpj;Jiw MizaUf;F tHf;ifj; jpUg;gpaDg;g cj;jutplf;ToaJkd;W/ mjd;gpwF jpUg;gpaDg;g[k; cj;jut[k;. bray;KiwahizfSk;,uj;J bra;ag;gl;ld/,e;ePjpkd;wk;. chpikK:y tpsk;g[iff;fhft[k;. cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhft[k;. nkYk; epue;ju cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;fhft[k; thjpf;F Mjuthf jPh;g;ghizia kPl;lspj;J.,t;thwhf tHf;if tpthjpj;Js;sJ: @2/ thjp. jdJ chpikK:y tpsk;g[iff;fhft[k;. cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhft[k;. nkYk; jdJ cilikf;F,ila{W bra;tjpypUe;J gpujpthjpahd efuhl;rpiaj; jLf;fpd;w epue;ju cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;fhft[k; chpik tHf;F xd;iwj; jhf;fy; bra;jhh;/ chpik tHf;Ff;F Kd;djhf. gphpt[ 145?,d; fPHhd eltof;iffs; jug;gpdh;fSf;fpilna bjhl';fptpl;ljhfj; bjhpfpwJ. mjpy; thjp cilikapy;,y;iybad;Wk;. Mdhy; gpujpthjp. rl;lg;goahd Kiwapy; mt;tplj;jpypUe;J btspnaw;wg;gLk;tiuapy; mjd; cilikapypUe;jhh; vd;gJ cWjpbra;ag;gl;lbjd;Wk; eLth; fz;lwpe;jhh;/ 3/ chpik tHf;fpy;.,uh";rp efuhl;rpapd; bjhFjp vz; 1. kid vz; 1735 bjhlh;ghd thjpapd; nfhUhpikahdJ. mtuJ epyj;jpw;fhd chpikK:yj;ij 1912?Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 17?f;F Kd;djhfnt epyt[hpikahsuhy; rl;lg;goahd Mtzkhd rh/M/18?,d;goahf mtUf;F tH';fg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf mth; mjd; chpikK:yj;ij bgw;Wtpl;ljd; mog;gilapyhdjhFk;/ nkYk;. chpikK:yk; Fwpj;j tpdhtpidj; jtpu. epyk;. gpujpthjpahd efuhl;rpf;F brhe;jkhdjhf,Ue;jhY';Tl. thjp 30 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf mjhtJ. 1912?ypUe;J 1957 tiuapYk; efuhl;rpf;F bjhpe;nj epyj;jpd; cilikapy;,Ue;Jte;Js;sjhy; ePlDnghfk; K:yk; chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;wpUg;gjhft[k; thjp thjpl;lhh;/ 10/,Wjpahf. gpur;rpidapYs;s epyk; xU gFjpapy; bjhl;o my;yJ mjDld;,ize;j xU epyj;ijf; bfhz;oUg;gjhy; vjph;epiy cilik bka;g;gpf;fg;gl Koatpy;iy vd cah; ePjpkd;wk; fUjpaJ/,f;fUj;Jk; jtwhdjhfj; bjhpfpwJ/ xU egh;. xU bjhl;oahf,Ue;jhY';Tl mjw;F vjph;epiy chpikK:yj;ij cWjpbra;thbudpy;. mJ efuhl;rpf;F brhe;jkhdJ vd efuhl;rp nfhhpdhYk;. vjph;epiy chpikK:yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;oUe;jhYk;. chpikahsuhy; (mjhtJ,t;tHf;fpy; efuhl;rp) Mf;fpukpg;ghsiu btspnaw;w eltof;iffs; VJk; vLf;fg;glhjjhYk;. ePlDnghfk; K:ykhd mtuJ chpikK:yk;. Kg;gjhz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF KGikaile;JtpLk;/@ 11/ ehah; rh;tP!; brhirl;o ypkpbll; ?vjph;? nf/rp/ mbyf;rhz;lh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1968 v!;/rp/ 1165 vd;w tHf;fpy;. thjp. 70 Mz;LfSf;F nkyhf cilikapypUe;J tUtjhff; Twp chpik tHf;F xd;iwj; jhf;fy; bra;jhh;/ thjp. r';fj;jpd; nkyhsh; kw;Wk; 3 Kjy; 6 tiuapyhd gpujpthjpfsplkpUe;J mjpfg;goahd epyj;jpd; cilikiaf; nfhhpdhh;/ btspnaw;Wiff;fhf my;yJ el;l<l;ow;fhd mjd; bghWg;g[hpikf;fhf Xh; chpik tHf;iff; bfhz;LtUtjw;F r';fk;. thjpapd; chpikfis kWj;Jtpl;lJ/ mjw;Fkhw;whf. r';fk; nkk;ghLfspd; kjpg;gpidf; nfhhpaJ/ thjp. chpikK:yj;ij bka;g;gpf;fhky; cilikf;fhd chpik tHf;if epiyehl;l,aYkh> vd;gnj cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Kot[bra;ag;glntz;oa Kf;fpaf; fUj;J khWghlhd tplakhFk;/ g{uz chpikbfhz;l chpikahsh; fhytiuaiwf;Fs; Kd;tutpy;iybad;why;. mtuJ chpikia,He;JtpLfpwhh;. cilikbgw;w chpikahsh; KG chpikK:yj;ij mile;JtpLfpwhh;/ thjp epfH;epiy cilikapypUe;jhh;. nkYk;. mth; cilikapypUf;f chpikahdth;. muRjhd; mtiu btspnaw;w,aYk;/ muR.,t;tHf;fpy; jug;gpduhfr; nrh;f;fg;gltpy;iy/ r';fk;. mtuJ cilikiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ mj;JkPwpa brayhFk;. nkYk;,e;jpahtpYs;s rl;lg;go thjp. 1963?Mk; Mz;L Fwpj;jtif ghpfhur; rl;l tifa';fspd; fPH; cilika[hpik tHf;fpidj; jhf;fy; bra;ayhk;/ thjp @vjph;epiy cilik@ K:yk; jdJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhz;lhh;. Mdhy; xU tpsk;g[ifiag; bgw mth;. chpik tHf;fpy; muir nrh;f;ftpy;iy vd;gij cWjpgl Twpa[s;shh;/ mth;. milag;bgw;w chpikK:yj;jpd;nghpy; chpik tHf;if mikj;jpUg;gjhfr; brhy;ypapUf;fyhk;/,t;thwhf chpik tHf;F. mtUf;F vjpuhf mj;JkPwpa xUthplkpUe;J cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;Fl;gl;ljhFk;/ vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; thjp chpik tHf;if epiyepWj;jntz;Lbkdpy;. khepy muir mjhtJ. epyj;jpd; chpikahsiu chpik tHf;fpd; jug;gpduhfr; nrh;f;fntz;oaJ mtrpabkd ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;jJ/ thjp KGikahd chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;Ws;sjhy; vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapyhd Xh; chpik tHf;if mth; epiyepWj;jyhk;/ ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @(17),J. ek;Kila gpur;rpidf;F rhpaw;w Xh; mQqFKiwia ek;Kila jPh;g;g[iuapy; cs;slf;fpa[s;sJ/ mt;t[ilikapy; ntbwtUk; FWf;fplhj me;j cilik ey;yjhFk; vd;w nfhl;ghL,Ue;jhYk;. cz;ikahd chpikahsh; VnjhbthU tHpapy; tpyf;fg;gl;Ls;shh; vd;gijf; fz;Lgpoj;J. ek;Kila bghUs;bfhs;Sjiy vLj;Jiuf;f. ehk; 1907 V/rp/ 73?I gog;gjpypUe;J bjhl';fyhk;/ 1907 V/rp/ 73 nfhl;ghl;il kPs;cWjpbra;J kpft[k; bjspt[gl ciug;gjhtJ: @chpikahsh; vd;W fUjg;gLk; jd;ikapypUe;J? bfhz;L. cilika[hpikf;Fhpa rhjhuz chpikfis mikjpahd Kiwapy; bray;gLj;jpf;bfhz;L epyj;jpd; cilikapYs;s xU egh;. rl;lg;go chpikbfhz;l Xh; chpikahsiuj; jtpu ntbwtUnk FWf;fplhj KGepiwthd ey;ynjhh; chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;wpUf;fpwhh; vd;gij kWj;Jiuf;f,ayhJ/ nkYk;. rl;lg;go chpikbfhz;l chpikahsh;. tHf;Ff;F bghUe;jj;jf;f fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; tifKiwfspd;go tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;lKiwg;go mtuJ chpik K:yj;ij cWjpbra;Jbfhs;s Kd;tutpy;iy vd;why;. mtuJ chpik vf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLfpwJ kw;Wk; cilikbfhz;l chpikahsh; KGikahd chpikK:yj;ij mile;JtpLfpwhh;/@ Mfnt. cilikapy; mikjpahd Kiwapy;,Ue;JtUk; thjp. bjhlh;e;J cilikapypUg;gjw;FhpatuhapUe;jhh;. nkYk;. muR kl;Lnk mtiu btspnaw;w,aYk;/ r';fj;jpd; bray;ghL. mtuJ cilikapy; mj;JkPwp EiHe;j xd;whFk;. nkYk; rl;lg;go.,e;jpahtpy; cs;sthW. thjp Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;l tifKiwfspd; fPH; cilikahsh; chpiktHf;if epiyehl;l,aYk;. mjpy; chpikK:yk; Kf;fpakw;wJ my;yJ 12 Mz;LfSf;Fs; cilikf;fhd Xh; chpik tHf;fpy; chpikK:yk; Fwpj;j gpur;rpid vGg;gg;glyhk;/,J gpe;ija tifahd tHf;fhf,Ue;jhy;. chpikK:yk; Muhag;glyhk;/ Mdhy;. vtUila chpikK:yj;ij Muhayhk;> xg;g[f;bfhz;lgo. ve;jj;jug;g[k; chpikK:yj;ij epiyehl;ltpy;iy/ thjp Fiwe;jgl;rk;. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk; Fwpj;J thJiuj;J. vjph;epiy cilikK:ykhd jdJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpaij cWjpgLj;jpf;bfhz;lhh;/ Mdhy;. mth; jdJ chpik tHf;fpy; tpsk;g[if bgWtjw;F muir nrh;j;Jf;bfhs;shjjhy;. mth; bgw;w chpikK:yj;jpd;nghpy; mtuJ tHf;if mikf;ftpy;iy vd brhy;yptplyhk;/,t;thwhf mtuJ chpik tHf;F. mtUf;F vjpuhf mj;JkPwp EiHe;j xUthplkpUe;J cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;Fl;gl;ljhFk;/,jw;fhd tprhuiz,t;thwhf RU';fptpLfpwJ: r';fkhdJ. jdf;Fj;jhnd chpikK:yk; VJk; bfhz;Ls;sjh>,J. cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPH; btspg;gilahf my;yJ cl;fpilahf bray;gl;ljh> my;yJ,J K:d;whk; jug;gpdhplj;jpy; chpikK:yj;ij kl;Lk; nfhhpajh> Kjy;,uz;L tpdhf;fSf;Fk; gjpyspf;f v';fSf;F rpuknkJkpy;iy/,jw;F bjspthfnt vjph;kiwahd tpiljhd;/ Mfnt. xnubahU nfs;tp ahbjdpy;. gpujpthjp. khepy murplk; chpikK:yk;,Ue;jJ vd thJiuf;f,aYkh> vd;gnjahFk;/ Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fSf;fpilnaahd mj;jifa xt;bthU tHf;fpYk;. chpikK:yk; K:d;whk; jug;gpdhplk; bfhLf;fg;glhjpUf;fntz;Lbkd;gjhy; gpujpthjp X';Fepiyapy; itf;fg;gLthh;/ mth; Ke;ija Mf;fpukpg;ghsiu kl;Lnk btspnaw;wp. chpikK:yk; vtnuh xUthplk; cs;sbjd fspg;g[ld; Twyhk;/ gh;yp'; ?vjph;? hPl; (1848) 11 fpa{/gp/ 904 vd;w tHf;fpy; ePjpaurh; jpU/ vh;yp mth;fs;. *jug;gpdh;fs; xU epyj;jpy;,unthL,uthf g[Fe;J xU Foiriag; nghl;L. fhiyg;bghGJf;F Kd;ghf mij RthjPdg;gLj;jpf;bfhz;Ltpl;lhy; rpy chpikfisg; bgw;WtpLtjhf fw;gid bra;JtpLfpd;wdh;* vd;W Twpa[s;shh;/,J mog;gilf; nfhl;ghl;ow;F tpnuhjkhdjhf,Uf;Fk;.,J vg;nghJk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;L. 1907 V/rp/ 73?,y; kPz;Lk; cWjpbra;ag;gl;lJ/ Mfnt *mwpe;Jbfhs;tij jd;dfj;nj itj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy;* vd;w nfhl;ghl;ow;F rl;lk; Mjut[ bjhptpf;fhJ/ (22) ePjpf; FGtpd; tHf;Ffs; v';fis fl;Lg;gLj;jhjit. Mdhy; eh';fs;. 1907 V/rp/ 73?,d; fUj;Jiuia m';fPfhpf;fpnwhk;/ mf;fUj;jpypUe;J tpyfpr;bry;y gpd;dpl;l tHf;F vJt[k; v';fs; ftdj;jpw;F bfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy/ (1849) 13 fpa{/gp/ 945 kw;Wk; (1865) 1 fpa{/gp/ 1 vd;w,U tHf;FfSf;fpilna kpfg;bgUk; Kuz;ghL cs;sjpy; Iakpy;iy vd;whYk; mJ. 1907 V/rp/ 73?,d; K:yk;,Wjpahf jPh;t[ bra;ag;gLtjw;F vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/,e;jpahtpYk;,njnghd;wbjhU fUj;J xUkpj;J vLf;fg;gl;L.,e;jpa fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpUj;jk;. 1907 V/rp/ 73?,y; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;l mWjpa[iuf;F xg;gspf;fg;gl;L.,e;jpahtpy; rl;lg; gpufldkhf Vw;fg;glyhdJ/ me;j chpik tHf;F epiyf;fj;jf;fbjd eh';fs; jPh;khdpf;fpnwhk;/ 12/ yy;Y ac&;te;j; rp'; (,we;Jtpl;lhh;) mtuJ rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjp K:ykhf ?vjph;? uht; $f;jPc&; rp'; kw;Wk; gyh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1968 v!;/rp/ 620 vd;w tHf;fpy;. tYf;fl;lhakhf cilikia vLj;Jf;bfhs;tJ rl;l tpnuhjkhdbjd,e;ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ/,e;jpahtpy; cs;sth;fs; tYf;fl;lhakhf cilikia vLj;Jf;bfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy/ rl;lk; cilikf;F kjpg;gspf;fpwJ/ epyf;fpHhh;. tw;g[Wj;jpnah my;yJ mr;RWj;jpnah kPz;Lk; EiHtjw;F chpik bfhz;ltuy;yh;/ mth; rl;lg;goahd eltof;iffis vLf;fntz;Lk;/ tYf;fl;lhakhf cilikia vLg;gJ rl;ltpnuhjkhFk;/ ePjpkd;wk;. kpl;dhg;g{h; $kPd;jhhp fk;bgdp ypkpbll; ?vjph;? enuc&; ehuhaz; uha;. V/I/Mh;/ 1924 gp/rp/ 144?,y; murg; nguitapd; jPh;Kotpida[k;. kw;w jPh;Kot[fisa[k; cWjpbra;J. jPh;khdpj;Js;sjhtJ: @10/ kpl;dhg;g{h; $kPd;jhhp fk;bgdp ypkpbll; ?vjph;? enuc&; ehuhaz; uha;. 51,d;l; mg; 293 = g/299?,y; (V/I/Mh;/ 1924. gp/rp/ 144. g/147?,y;). murg;nguit fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @,e;jpahtpy; cs;sth;fs; tYf;fl;lhakhf cilikia vLj;Jf;bfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy; mth;fs; mj;jifa cilikia bgWtjw;Fhpath;fbsd;why; ePjpkd;wk; K:yk; mth;fs; mjidg; bgw;Wf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/@ 11/ nf/nf/ th;kh ?vjph;? eiud;jh!; rp/ ky;fhdp. (V/I/Mh;/ 1954 gk;gha; 358 g/360)?,y; jiyik ePjpaurh; jpU/ rf;yh mth;fs;.,e;jpahtpd; rl;lk;.,';fpyhe;J rl;lj;jpypUe;J,d;wpaikahjstpy; ntWgLfpwJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;/ mth; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @,e;jpa rl;lg;go. Fj;jifjhuuhf,Ue;JtUtJ Kotile;Jtpl;lepiyapy; xU Fj;jifjhuhpd; cilik rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Fj;jifa[hpik Kot[f;F te;jgpd;dh;. mth; cilikapy; bjhlh;e;jpUf;f chpikbfhz;ltuy;yh; vd;wnghjpYk;. mtUila cilik rl;lg;goahdJ kw;Wk; me;j cilik rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Fj;jifjhuh; vd;gJ Koe;Jtpl;lepiyapy;. epyf;fpHhh;. rl;lj;jpw;Fhpa Kiwapyy;yhJ. mtuJ cilikiag; gwpj;Jf;bfhs;thh; vdpy;. me;j epyf;fpHhhpd; kPJ cilikf;fhf. Fj;jifjhuh; Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 9?,d; fPH; tHf;Fj; bjhluyhk;. Mdhy; cilikapypUe;J btspnaw;wg;gl;l Mf;fpukpg;ghsh; xUth;. gphpt[ 9?,d; fPH; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; brd;W. cz;ikahd chpikahsUf;F vjpuhf cilikiaf; nfhuKoahJ/@ 12/ ahh; KfkJ ?vjph;? yc&;kp jh!; (V/I/Mh;/ 1959 myfhghj; 1 g/4?,y;) myfhghj; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KG ePjpaukh;t[ fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @thjpapd; my;yJ gpujpthjpapd; chpikK:yk; Fwpj;j tpdhtpid. mt;tHf;fpy; (Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; fPH;) vGg;gg;glnth my;yJ Muhag;glnth,ayhJ/ thjp rhh;e;jpUf;ff;Toa chpikK:yk; vjida[k; epU:gpf;fhknyna btw;wpailthh;. gpujpthjp midj;J chpikK:y';fisa[k; kpfr; rpwe;jKiwapy; epiyehl;Lk; epiyapypUe;jhY';Tl mth; btw;wpaila,ayhJ/ mj;jifanjhh; chpik tHf;fpy; cilikapd; kPl;lspg;g[ vg;nghJk; Kiwahd chpikK:y tHf;Ff;Fl;gl;oUe;jhYk;. cz;ikahd chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;Ws;s my;yJ ey;y chpikK:yj;ijg; bgwKoahj eguhf,Ue;jhY';Tl mj;jifanjhh; chpik tHf;fpy; xU jPh;g;ghiz K:yk; vt;tHpapYk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;/ xU Kiwahd chpik tHf;fpy; mtuJ chpikK:yj;ij epiyehl;o cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;F mtUf;F vg;nghJk; tHpa[s;sJ/@ cah; ePjpkd;wk; nkw;bfhz;L fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @cilikia Mjhpf;f chpikK:yk;,y;yhtpl;lhY';Tl. rl;lk; mjid kjpf;fpwJ/ xU ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Jizia ehlhky; cz;ikahd cilikapYs;s xU eghpd; cilikiag; gwpg;gjw;F ve;j egUk; rl;lj;ij jdJ iffspy; vLj;Jf;bfhs;s rl;lk; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy/ ve;j egUk; jdJ Ra eyDf;fhf xU ePjpgjpahfptpl mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lhh;/ thyp mcw;kJ fhd; ?vjph;? mnahj;ah Fe;J. (1891) I/vy;/Mh;/ 13 myfhghj; 537 g/556?,y; jiyik ePjpaurh; jpU/ vl;$; mth;fshy; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljhtJ: @xU egiu btspnaw;w tpUk;g[k; egh;fis Kiwahd ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F,l;Lr;bry;tJk;. me;j egh;fis btspnaw;w td;Kiwiaf; ifahs;tij jLg;gJk;,g;gphptpd; nehf;fkhFk;/@ 14/ cwpyhth Rg;ghth ?vjph;? ehuhazg;gh. (1911) 13 gk;gha; vy;/Mh;/ 1200?,y; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljhtJ: @brhj;jpd; chpikahsh;. brhj;jpid. Mf;fpukpg;ghsh; xUthplkpUe;J tYf;fl;lhakhfnth my;yJ kw;w rl;ltpnuhjkhd tHpfspnyh bgw;wpUe;jhY';Tl. mth; cilikiaj; jf;fitj;Jf;bfhs;tjw;Fhpatuhthh; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy/ ypy;Y} ?vjph;? md;dh$p. (1881) I/vy;/Mh;/ 5 gk;gha; 387 kw;Wk; ge;J ?vjph;? egh. (1890) I/vy;/Mh;/ 15 gk;gha; 238/@,j;jPh;Kot[ vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F vt;thW cjt[fpwJ vd;gij kjpg;gpl v';fshy;,aytpy;iy/,t;t[hpik tHf;F Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 9?,d; fPHhdjy;y/ (1881) I/vy;/Mh;/ 5 gk;gha; 387?,y;. @cilikia vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapy; mikjpf;F g';fk; Vw;gLkhapd;. mJ Fw;w tHf;F bjhlUtjw;fhd mog;gilahf mike;JtpLfpwJ kw;Wk; mk;Kaw;rpapy; btw;wpaile;jhy; Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lk;. (I-1877) gphpt[ 9?,d; fPH; cilikia kPl;lspg;gjw;fhd xU RUf;FKiwahd chpik tHf;fpLtjw;fhft[k; mJ m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ ? jhjhgha; eh;rpjh!; ?vjph;? Jiz Ml;rpah;. g[nuhr;. (1870) 7 gk;gha; bcwr;/rp/ V/rp/ 82/@ (1890) I/vy;/Mh;/ 15 gk;gha; 238?,y; jiyik ePjpaurh; jpU/ rhh;b$d;l; mth;fshy; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljhtJ: @mikjpahd Kiwapnyh my;yJ chpa rl;l eltof;ifapd;go my;yhky; ntWtifapnyh vtnuDk; xUth; kw;bwhUthpd; cilikg; gwpg;gtuhdhy;. mtiu eltof;iffspd;wp ePf;Ftjw;F,e;jpa rl;lkd;wk; tifbra;jpUe;jhYk;. mt;tifKiwf;Fl;gl;L mt;thW kw;wthpd; cilikiag; gwpf;Fk; rl;lg;go chpika[s;s chpikahsh; Mf;fpukpg;ghsnu vdj; jPh;khdpg;gjw;F fhuzk; VJkpy;iy. nkYk; mth;. bjspthf M';fpyr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;sthW mthplk; milt[w;w chpikK:yj;jpd;nghpy; mtuJ cilikf;fhd Mjut[f;fhf rhh;t[wyhfhJ/,Jt[k;. ePjpaurh; jpU/ bt!;l; mth;fshy; (1881) I/vy;/Mh;/ 5 gk;gha; 387?,y; vLf;fg;gl;l fUj;jhfnt njhd;WfpwJ/@ 15/ v';fSila fUj;Jg;go.,f;Twpd;nghpyhd rl;lk;. nkny nkw;nfhsplg;gl;l tHf;Ffspy;. jiyik ePjpaurh; jpU/ rf;yh mth;fspd; K:yk; murg; nguitahYk;. myfhghj; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KG mkh;thYk; rhpahff; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ/@,e;ePjpkd;wk;. ahh; KfkJ ?vjph;? yc&;kp jh!;. V/I/Mh;/ 1959 myfhghj; 1 vd;w tHf;fpy; murg; nguitapd; jPh;Kotpida[k;. nkYk; myfhghj; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KG ePjpauhaj;jpd; jPh;Kotpida[k; m';fPfhpj;Js;sJ/ 13/ nrhk;ehj; bgh;kd; ?vjph;? lhf;lh; v!;/gp/ uh$^ kw;Wk; xUth;. V/I/Mh;/ 1970 v!;/rp/ 846?,y;. xU egh; chpik tHf;fpYs;s epyj;jpd; chpikahsh; vd;gjw;Fk;. mthpd; cilikapy; FWf;fpLtjpypUe;J gpujpthjpiaj; jLf;fpd;w cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;Fk; xU tpsk;g[ifiag; bgWtjw;F cilikK:y chpik bfhz;oUg;gJ me;eghpd; chpikbad,e;ePjpkd;wk; m';fPfhpj;Js;sJ/ nkYk;. xU btspnaw;Wif eltof;ifapy;. thjpapd; cilikf;F Kd;dh;,Ue;j jtW bra;jthpd;kPJ cilikapHg;g[ bray; Fwpj;J Kiwaplg;gl;l gpd;dh; MW khj';fs; fHpe;jgpwF. chpik tHf;fpidf; bfhz;Lte;jhY';Tl. mth; nghJkhd chpikK:yk; bfhz;Ls;shh; vd;gJk;. jtW bra;jth;. chpikK:yKk;. cilika[hpika[k; K:d;whk; jug;gpdhpd; kPJ milt[w;Ws;sJ vdf; fhl;o. jtW bra;jth; chpik tHf;fpid btw;wpfukhf vjph;j;Jiuf;f KoahJ vd;gJkhd me;j epiyg;ghLld;. Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lk;. 1963. gphpt[ 9 vt;tpjj;jpYk; Kuz;gltpy;iy vd,e;ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ/,e;ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;Js;sjhtJ: @10/ ehuhaz uht; ?vjph;? jh;kr;rhh;. (1903) I/vy;/Mh;/ 26 bkl;uh!; 514?,y;.,e;jpa rl;lg;goahd cilikahdJ. M';fpyr; rl;lj;jpd;; fPGs;sthW. cz;ikahd chpikahsiuj; jtpu. ntbwtUk; FWf;fplhj ey;ynjhh; chpikK:yj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;shh; vd;W jpU/ ghc&;ak; ma;a';fhh; kw;Wk; jpU/ K:h; Mfpa ePjpaurh;fs; ml';fpa bkl;uh!; cah; ePjpkd;w mkh;t[ jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ/ xU btspnaw;Wif eltof;ifapy;. thjpapd; cilikf;F Kd;dh;,Ue;j jtW bra;jthpd;kPJ. cilikapHg;g[ bray; Fwpj;J Kiwaplg;gl;l gpd;dh;. MW khj';fs; fHpe;jgpwF. chpik tHf;fpidf; bfhz;Lte;jhY';Tl. mth; nghJkhd chpikK:yk; bfhz;Ls;shh; vd;gJk;. jtW bra;jthpd; chpikK:yKk;. cilika[hpika[k; K:d;whk; eghplk; cs;sd vdf; fhl;o. chpik tHf;if btw;wpfukhf vjph;j;Jiuf;f KoahJ vd;gJkhd epiyg;ghl;Lld; Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 9 vt;tpjj;jpYk; Kuz;gltpy;iy/,njfUj;J. fpUc&;zuht; ac&;te;j; ?vjph;? thRnjt; mg;gh$p nfhjpfh;. (1884) I/vy;/Mh;/ 8 gk;gha; 871?,y; gk;gha; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ/ me;jf; fUj;nj myfhghj; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhYk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ ? ghh;f;ft[k; ck;uht; rp'; ?vjph;?,uhk;$p jh!;. I/vy;/Mh;/ 36 myfhghj;

51. thyp mcw;kJ fhd; ?vjph;? m$^jpah fe;J. (1891) I/vy;/Mh;/ 13 myfhghj; 537/ Rnghj; nfhghy; ngh!; ?vjph;? gpuhtpd;!; M`g; gPfhh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1950 ghl;dh 222 vd;w tHf;fpy;. bkl;uh!;. gk;gha; kw;Wk; myfhghj; Mfpa cah; ePjpkd;w';fshy; vLf;fg;gl;l fUj;ij ghl;dh cah; ePjpkd;wk; gpd;gw;wpaJ/ blgp rh;d; nghy;nlh ?vjph;?,!;N:h; re;jh; khd;$P. (1883) I/vy;/Mh;/ 9 fy;fj;jh 39; vh;jh$h bcwhird; ?vjph;? ngdp kp!;jphp. (1883) I/vy;/Mh;/ 9 fy;fj;jh 130. gh;nkc&;th; brsj;hp ?vjph;? gphpn$h yhy; brsj;hp. (1890) I/vy;/Mh;/ 17 fy;fj;jh 256 kw;Wk; eprh re;j; bfa;lh ?vjph;? fd;rpuhk; gfhdp. (1899) I/vy;/Mh;/ 26 fy;fj;jh 579 Mfpa tHf;Ffspy; fy;fj;jh cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; vLf;fg;gl;l khWgl;l fUj;J. v';fspd; fUj;Jg;go. rl;lj;ij rhpahdgo tFj;Jiuf;ftpy;iy vd;gjhFk;/@ chpikK:yk; K:d;whk; eghplk; milt[w;wpUf;fyhk; vd;whY';Tl cilikiag; bgw cilika[hpik tHf;fpid xU egh; bfhz;LtUtjw;Fhpatuhthh; vd;gJ nkw;brhd;d jPh;KotpypUe;J bjspthfpwJ/ cilika[hpika[s;s xU egh;. jdJ cilikapy; FWf;fpLtjpypUe;J gpujpthjpia jLf;fpd;w cWj;Jf;fl;lisiaa[k; bgwyhk;/ 14/ nkw;goa[s;sjpy;. chpikK:yk; bfhz;ouhj xU egh;. cilika[hpikia cWjpbra;Jbfhs;tjd;nghpy; Xh; cWj;Jf;fl;lisiag; bgwyhk; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsiu btspnaw;Wtjw;fhd Xh; chpik tHf;fpida[k; epiyepWj;jyhk; vDk;nghJ cilikiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Xh; cWj;Jf;fl;lisiag; bgWtjw;fhft[k;. xUntis mtuJ chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;lgpwF K:d;whk; eguhnyh my;yJ chpikahsuhnyh mtuJ cilik gwpf;fg;gl;lhy;. me;j cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhft[k; vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf jdJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf; bfhz;Ls;s egh;. Vd; Xh; chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;a,ayhJ> vd;w tpdhtpidj; jPu vz;zpg;ghh;f;fntz;Lk;/ vjph;epiy cilikapYs;s xU egh;. vjph;epiy cilikthapyhf jdJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhz;lhuhdhy;. cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;l gpwF. chpikahsh;. jdJ chpik. chpikK:yk; kw;Wk; ghj;jpaijia,He;JtpLtjhy;. mth; cz;ikahd chpikahsh; xUtuhy; btw;wpfukhf cilikePf;fk; bra;ag;gl,ayhJ/ 15/ gj;kpdpgha; ?vjph;? j';ft;th kw;Wk; gyh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1979 v!;/rp/ 1142 vd;w tHf;fpy;. thjpapd; fzth;. 12 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf gpujpthjpf;F vjph;epiyahf tHf;F epy';fspy; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; btspg;gilahd cilikapy;,Ue;Jte;jhh; kw;Wk; mtuJ cilikapy; xUnghJk; FWf;fplf;TlhJ my;yJ,ila{W bra;af;TlhJ vd;w mog;gilapy; cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhf thjpahy; Xh; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;lJ/ mth; ePlDnghf chpikK:yk; cilika[hpikiag; bgw;whh; vd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ/ chpik tHf;F mtuJ,wg;gpypUe;J 12 Mz;LfSf;Fs; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gJ fhytuk;g[f;Fs;,Ue;jJ/,t;thwhf. jj;ah vjph;epiy cilikK:yk; cilika[hpikia mile;Js;sjhy;. thjpf;F vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; cilikia kPsg;bgWk; chpikaspf;fg;gl;lJ/,e;ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @1/ jj;ah 1955?Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp jp';fs; 2?Mk; ehs;,we;Jtpl;lhh;/ vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshd j';ft;th kw;Wk; Re;ju gha;. jj;ahtpd; Tl;L tpjitahsh;fshth;/ mth;fs; mry; tHf;fpy; Tl;L?thjpfshth;/ 11/ Mfnt. jj;ah. tHf;F epy';fspy; gj;kpdp gha;f;F vjph;epiyahf jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; btspg;gilahd cilikapy;

12 Mz;L fhyj;jpw;F nkyhfnt,Ue;Jte;jjhy;. chpikK:yj;ij mile;Jtpl;lhh; kw;Wk;,e;j cilikapy; xUnghJk;,ila{W my;yJ FWf;fPL bra;ag;glf;TlhJ vd;W fPHik ePjpkd;w';fspd; jPh;khdj;Jld; xj;Jg;nghtjpy; eh';fs; VJk; jaf;f';bfhs;stpy;iy/,t;thwhf mth; ePlDnghfk; thapyhf cilika[hpikia mile;jhh;/@ 16/ nkw;F t';f khepy muR ?vjph;? ly;bcwsrp,d;!;ol;a{l; brhirl;o. V/I/Mh;/ 1970 v!;/rp/ 1778?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wk;. bry;yj;jfhj bfhilapd; mog;gilapy; ly;bcwsrp,d;!;ol;a{l; brhirl;oapd; vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j gpur;rpidiag; ghprPypj;jJ/ vjph;epiy cilik K:ykhd chpikK:yk; bry;yj;jfhj bfhilapd; mog;gilapy; bgwg;gl;lJ. nkYk; el;l<L nfhu nfhUhpikahsh;-tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F chpikaspf;fg;gl;ljhf,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ/ xU egh; vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; chpikK:yk; bgWfpwhh; vd,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;J. fUj;jwptpj;jjhtJ: @16/ kidahdJ epWtdj;jpd; rhh;ghf bfhil tH';fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w bghUz;ik,Ue;jhYk; mf;bfhil. rl;lj;jhy; ntz;LWj;jg;gLk; Kiwapy; tH';fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W fhz;gpf;f v';fs;Kd; ve;j rhd;whjhuKk; Kd;itf;fg;gltpy;iy/ vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. btspg;gilahd. bjhlh;r;rpahd.,ila{ww;w cilikapy; 60 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf kidapy;,Ue;J mDgtpj;J te;Js;shh; vd;W epyf; ifafg;gLj;Jif jdp ePjpgjp mth;fshYk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhYk; rhh;t[wg;gl;l rhd;W bjspthf epiyehl;LfpwJ/,J bjhlh;ghf. vjph;nky; KiwaPl;lhsh; kidapd; chpikahsuhf khefuhl;rpahy; kl;Lkpd;wp. murhYk; fUjg;gl;Ls;shh; vd;W cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gjpthtzr; rhd;whjhuj;ijr; Rl;of;fhl;o bjspthf epiyehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ/ vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; cilik. murhy; mspf;fg;gl;l bfhilapd; mog;gilapyhdjhfnt,Ue;jpUf;fntz;Lk;. mJ re;njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp rl;lg;go bry;yhjjhFk;/ mj;jifa cilikf;fhd rhpEl;gkhd rl;ltpist[ vd;d> vd;gJ Fwpj;J,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gk;gha; Ml;rpah; ?vjph;? gk;gha; efu khefuhl;rp kd;wk; (1952) v!;/rp/Mh;/ 43?,y; gpd;tUkhW ghprPypf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: @//// rl;lg;goahd chpikK:yk; bfhz;ouhj xU egh;. epyj;jpd; bry;yj;jfhj bfhil vd;w nghh;itapd; fPGk;. vd;bwd;Wk; epyj;jpd; cilikia itj;jpUe;jhYk;. re;ijapd;bghUl;L. thlifapd;wp,ytrkhf,Ue;Jte;jhYk;. bry;yj;jfhj bfhilapd;fPH; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhd khefuhl;rpapd; chpikK:y Kd;dth; epyj;jpd; cilikia vLj;Jf;bfhz;l mf;fzg;bghGjpypUe;nj. epyj;jpd; chpikahsuhd murpd; rl;lg;goahd chpikK:yj;jpw;F Kjy;nehf;fpnyna vjph;epiyahf,Uf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy;. mj;jifa cilik ve;jr; rl;lg;goahd chpik K:yj;ija[k; Fwpf;fhJ vd;gnj vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhd khefuhl;rp kw;Wk; mjd; chpikK:y Kd;dthpd; epiyg;ghlhFk;/,t;t[ilik. Xh; chpikahf btspg;gilahft[k;.,ila{wpd;wpa[k; 70 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf bjhlh;e;J te;Js;sJ kw;Wk; vjph;nky; KiwaPl;lhsuhd khefuhl;rp. mjw;Fhpa tuk;g[il chpikK:yj;ijg;bgw;W. mjd; chpikK:y Kd;dth;,f;fhyk; KGtjw;Fkhd ePlDnghfj;ijf; bfhz;oUe;jhh; mjhtJ vd;bwd;Wk; epyj;jpd; chpikia 1865?Mk; Mz;L muR jPh;khdj;jpd;go re;ijapd;bghUl;lhf kl;Lkpd;wp thlifapd;wp,ytrkhf itj;Jf;bfhz;oUe;jhh;/////@ 17/ mj;jifa cilikapYs;s egh; xUth; vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; chpikK:yj;ij bjspthfnt mile;JtpLfpwhh; vd nkw;go vLFwpg;g[ epiyehl;LfpwJ/ v';fs; Kd;ghd tHf;fpy;.,f;Twpd;nghpy; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F Mjuthf cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhYk;. epyf; ifafg;gLj;Jif jdp ePjpgjp mth;fshYk; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l xUkpj;j fhz;Kot[fs; cs;sd. eh';fs; mf;fhz;Kot[fSld; xj;Jg;nghfpnwhk;/@ chpikK:yk; vjph;epiy cilikthapyhf bgwg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ nkw;go tpthjj;jpypUe;J bjspthfpwJ/ 17/ KfkJ gnjcw; ehrpg; ?vjph;? RtU:g; re;j; cw^Tk; re;j; kw;Wk; xUth;. V/I/Mh;/ 1948 gp/rp/ 76 vd;w tHf;fpy; murg; nguit. thjpahyhd vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j gpur;rpidiag; ghprPypj;jJ/ tHf;Fiuapy;. mtuJ tHf;F bjhlh;r;rpahd. btspg;gilahd. jdpg;gl;lKiwapyhd.,ila{ww;w cilikapd; mog;gilapyhdJ/ mth;. ntW vtiua[k; jtpu tHf;Fr; brhj;Jf;Fhpa gwpf;fKoahj chpikK:yj;ij vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; bgw;wpUe;jjhf cWjpglf; Twpdhh;/ 1928?Mk; Mz;oy; mth; neh;ikaw;wKiwapy; tHf;Fr; brhj;jpypUe;J cilik ePf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lhh;/ ghprPyidf;fhf vGe;j tpdh ahbjdpy;. thjp 12 Mz;Lfshf vjph;epiy cilikapypUe;J te;jhuh> kw;Wk; mJ tf;g[?f;F vjph;epiyahdjh> vd;gjhFk;/ @thjp@?a[k;. mtuJ chpikK:y Kd;dth;fSk;. rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 28?,d; fPH; Xh; chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw. 1928?Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;djhf.

12 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; cilikapy;,Ue;jdh; kw;Wk; thjp Xh; Mf;fpukpg;ghsnu my;yh; vd;w cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fhz;Kot[fSld; murg; nguit xj;Jg;nghdJ/ nkYk;. vjph;epiy cilik K:ykhd chpikK:yk; tf;g[ brhj;jpid Kd;dpl;Lk; epiyehl;lg;glyhk; vd ePjpkd;wk; Kot[bra;jJ/ murg; nguit fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ:- @me;j mog;gilapy;. jPh;khdpf;fg;glntz;oa Kjy; tpdh ahbjdpy;. thjp. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. tFKiwf;TW 142?,d; fPH; me;j chpa ehsd;W cilikePf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lnghJ. 1928?f;F Kd;ghf tHf;Fr; brhj;jpy;

12 Mz;LfSk;. mjw;F nkyhft[k; mth; bjhlh;r;rpahd. btspg;gilahd. jdpg;gl;l Kiwapyhd.,ila{ww;w cilikapy;,Ue;Jte;jhuh> vd;gnjahFk;/ mt;tpdht[f;Fhpa tpil cld;ghlhf,Uf;Fbkdpy;. me;j cilik tf;g[f;F vjpuhdjh> vd;W nkw;bfhz;L tpdh vGfpwJ/ mth;fspd; ePjpaurh;fs;.,Jjhd; fUj;J}d;Wtjw;F rhpahd Ma;t[ vd xg;g[f;bfhz;L. tha;bkhHp kw;Wk; Mtzr; rhd;wpid Muha;e;J. thjpa[k;. mtuJ chpikK:y Kd;dth;fSk;. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 28?,d; fPH; Xh; chpikK:yk; bgWk;bghUl;L. 1928?f;F Kd;djhf

12 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; cilikapy;,Ue;Jte;jdh; vd;w cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fhz;Kot[ld; mth;fs; cld;ghLbfhz;ldh;/ Mf;fpukpg;ghsuhf cs;sth; kl;Lk; xUthpd; vjph;epiy cilikK:ykhd chpikK:yj;jpw;fhd nfhhpf;if. mth; cs;sgoahd cilikapypUf;fpd;w brhj;Jf;F fz;og;ghf cl;gl;oUf;Fk; vd;W fw;wwpe;j rhh;g[ ePjpgjp mth;fs; jPh;khdpj;jpUg;gjhy;,J Iaj;jpw;fplkw;w cz;ikahFk;/ Mdhy;. mf;nfhl;ghL,e;j tHf;Ff;F bghUe;jhJ/ thjp Mf;fpukpg;ghsh; kl;Lky;y; mtnu bgUe;bjhif bfhLj;J brhj;jpid th';fpapUe;jhh; kw;Wk;,Wjpahf nfhUhpik vthpd; cilikkPJ mike;jpUf;fpwnjh. me;j mgh;$d;. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xh; cj;jutpd;go. mt;t[j;jut[ rhpahdKiwapy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lnjh.,y;iynah. cilikapy; itf;fg;gl;lhh;/,ijj;jtpu. thjpahy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l cilikapd; jd;ik. Mf;fpukpg;ghsuhf,Ue;jhY';Tl. mtuJ chpikK:yj;ijf; fz;lwpa nghJkhdjhf,Ue;jJ vd mth;fSila ePjpaurh;fs; fUjpdh;/ thjp kw;Wk; mtuJ chpikK:y Kd;dth;fshyhd vjph;epiy cilik. njitg;gLk; fhymstpw;F bka;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w cah; ePjpkd;wj;Jld; xj;Jg;nghtjpy; mth;fsJ ePjpaurh;fs; jaf;fk; VJk; bfhs;stpy;iy/ gpd;dh; v";rpapUf;Fk; xnu tpdhthdJ. me;j cilik tf;g[?f;F vjph;epiyahdjh> vd;gnjahFk;/ vjph;epiy cilikK:ykhd chpikK:yk; tf;g[ brhj;Jf;F vjpuhdJ vd rl;lj;jpd;go epiyehl;lg;glyhk; vd;gJ kWf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;. Xh; mwf;fl;lisf;Fr; brhe;jkhd brhj;jpid cilikbfhs;Sk; Xh; mwf;fl;lisapd; mw';fhtyh;. mw';fhtyuhf,Ue;Jbfhz;L. mtuJ cilikapd; jd;ikia khw;wp. mth;. mij Efh;tjw;Fhpa chpikahsuhf cilikapYs;sjhf cWjpgl Twptpl,ayhJ vd;gJ bjspthfpwJ/@ thjpapd; chpikK:yk; vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ/ 18/ vjph;epiy cilik K:ykhd KGepiwthd chpikK:yk; Fwpj;j gpur;rpid. f';fh nfhtpe;j; kz;ly; & gyh; ?vjph;? jp fbyf;lh; M`g; jp obtd;o?nghh; `bgh;Fzh!; & gyh;. 11 vk;/I/V/ 212 vd;w tHf;fpy; murg; nguitahy; kPz;Lk; ghprPyid bra;ag;gLtjw;F te;jjpy;. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jhy; m';F chpik mw;Wg;nghjy;,Uf;fpwJ vdf; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/ cilikapYs;s jug;gpdh; rhh;ghf chpikahshpd; chpikK:yk; mw;wg;ngha;tpLfpwJ vd;gnj eilKiwrhh;e;j tpisthFk;. nkYk;,J xU KGikahd chpikahFk;/ murg; nguit fUj;Jiuj;Js;sjhtJ: @4/ chpikahsh; xUthpd; brhj;J Mf;ukpf;fg;gLtjd;nghpyhd mj;jifabjhU tHf;fpy;. mtUf;F brhe;jkhd epy';fspy; cilik ePf;fk; bra;ag;gl;ljw;fhf tHf;fpLtjw;fhd chpik; nkYk;. mth;. mtuJ chpik fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jhy; jilbra;ag;gLtjhy; ghjpg;gilthbudpy;. cilikapYs;s jug;gpdh; rhh;ghd mtuJ chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLfpwJ/ ghh;f;f: nkf;bgh;rdpd;. chpikapay; tprhuizKiw. g/81 (3?MtJ gjpg;g[)?,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l bry;/ bug;/. bjhFg;g[ vi. g/139 jw;nghJ,t;tHf;fpy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshy; rhh;ghw;wg;gLk; FLk;gk; cilikapy; Kg;gJ Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf,Ue;Js;sjhf bka;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/,sturhpd; chpikK:yk; jilbra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; mj;jilapd; tpist[ cilikapYs; jug;gpdh; rhh;ghf braw;gLj;jntz;Lk;/ tuk;g[il ghj;jpaij bfhz;oUf;Fk; xU eghpd; chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;nghtjd;nghpy;. v";Rhpikah; my;yJ gpd;dilt[hpikah; rhh;ghf EiHt[hpik vHf;TLk; vd;w Cfpj;jhYk;.,t;tHf;F mjid nghd;wpUg;gjy;y/@ 8/ ePs;t[ilikf;fhd ghJfhg;g[ Kaw;rpfis gytPdg;gLj;jptplf; TlhJ vd;gJ,e;jpahtpy; bghpjstpyhd gpd;tpistpidf; bfhz;ljhFk;/ epy';fspd; vy;iyfs; Fwpj;Jk;. milahsk; Fwpj;Jk; vg;nghJk; jfuhWfs; vGe;jtz;zk;,Uf;fpd;wd. ?? mf;fk;gf;fj;jpYs;s chpikahsh;fs;. Mf;fpukpg;g[ Fwpj;J xUtUf;bfhUth; Fw;w";rhl;Ltjw;? Fhpath;fshth;/ mf;fk;gf;fj;jpYs;s epy';fis Mf;fpukpj;J. gd;dpbuz;L Mz;Lfs; mikjpahft[k;. FWf;fPod;wpa[k; epy';fspd; cilikia mDgtpj;J te;Js;sjhfr; brhy;yg;gl;L. mJ bka;g;gpf;fg;gLkhdhy;. tpiyf;F th';fpath; me;j chpikK:yj;ijg; ghJfhg;ghdjhf vLj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;; Mdhy; cilikf;F btspapypUf;Fk; jug;gpdh;. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lg;go mWgJ Mz;Lfhyj;ij mikj;Jf;bfhz;L xU bghJ nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Ml;rpanuhL,ize;Jbfhz;L bray;gl;lhny. vth; FWf;fPl;oid Kd;dpl;l ghJfhg;gpid mDgtpf;f,aYk;> mj;jifabjhU jpl;lj;jpw;fhd cz;ikahd tpil ahbjdpy;. murpd; rl;lg;goahd chpik vd;gJ kw;wth;fshy; cilik bfhs;sg;gLk; epy';fs;; mtw;wpd; Fj;jif-thlif; jdpg;gl;l chpikahsh;fSf;fpilna epy';fspd; chpikK:yj;jpw;fhd nghuhl;lKk; kw;wtw;Wf;fpilna Vw;gLtjhy;. rl;lkhdJ fhytiuaiwia gd;dpbuz;L Mz;Lfshf mikj;Js;sJ; mf;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF. cilikahshpd; rhh;ghd me;j chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;lhy; ghpfhuk; jilbra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhf rhjhuzkhf mwptpj;JtplyhfhJ/ mj;jifa rr;rut[fspy; jiyapl muRf;F chpikapy;iy. Vbdd;why;. bghWg;gspj;jy; ($Pk;kh) vd;w jd;ikapYs;s mjd; Fj;jif-thliff;fhd mjDila chpikK:yk;. epy';fspYs;s cilika[hpikia rhjhuzkhf khw;wptpLtjhy; ghjpg;gile;JtplhJ/ cilika[hpik khw;wk; rhjhuzkhf chpikK:yj;ij khw;Wtjhnyh my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; vjph;epiy ifa[ilikahy; neuoahfnth kw;Wk; fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jhnyh ghjpf;fg;gl;lhYk;. bghWg;gspf;fg;gl;l ($Pk;kh) epy';fspd; bghWg;g[hpikahdJ. cilika[hpikia khw;Wtjhy; ghjpg;giltjpy;iy/@ 19/ v!;/vk;/ fhPk; ?vjph;? jpUkjp gPgp rfpdh. V/I/Mh;/ 1964 v!;/rp/ 1254 vd;w tHf;fpy;. 1908?Mk; Mz;L chpikapay; tprhuizKiwr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 66?,d; fPH; xU tpdh vGe;jJ. mJ. cWjpahf tpiyf;F th';fpatUf;F vjpuhf chpik tHf;F vjida[k; epiyepWj;jhJ vd tifbra;fpwJ/ xUntis cilikf;F,ila{W Vw;gl;lhy;. ePjpkd;w Vyj;jpy; bgahputyuhf (gpdhkp) th';Ffpd;w eghpd; chpikK:yk;. cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; ePz;l kw;Wk;,ila{ww;w cilikahy; mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;ljhf thjp xU khw;W thjj;ij vLg;ghbudpy;. ghprPyidf;fhf,f;nfs;tp vGk;/ cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; cilik rl;lj;jpd;go chpikK:ykhf milt[w;W. mth; chpikePf;fk; bra;ag;gLthuhdhy;. mth; cilikiag;bgw tHf;fplyhk;/ mj;jifabjhU neh;tpy;. thjp. fhytiuaiwapd; bjhlf;f epiyia fz;lwpayhk; vDk;bghUl;L KG tptu';fSld; mj;jifabjhU thjj;ijj; bjhLf;f tha;g;gpUg;gjhf,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ/ 12 Mz;Lfshf FWf;fPlw;w cilik my;yJ thjp KGikahd chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;wpUe;jhh; vd;gjhd ghpfhuf; TwpYs;s xU fUj;Jiu kl;Lnk mj;jifabjhU thjj;ij vGg;g nghJkhdjd;W/ ePz;lfhy cilik vd;gJ fl;lhakhd Xh; vjph;epiy cilikay;y kw;Wk; ntz;Liuf;TW vd;gJ vjph;epiy cilikf;fhd thjj;jpw;fhd khw;wPL my;y/ thjp vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjj;ij KGtptu';fSld; bjhLf;fyhk; vd;gnj btspg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUj;jhFk;/ ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @5/ iraj; xsyj; mypapd; kw;Wk; mtUf;Fg; gpwF thjpapd; ePz;l kw;Wk; FWf;fPlw;w vjph;epiy cilikahy; cwf;fph; Mykpd; chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;ljhf v';fs; Kd;g[ xU khw;Wthjkplg;gl;lJ/ cah; ePjpkd;wk;,t;tHf;if Vw;ftpy;iy/ thjpapd; cilikf;F,ila{W Vw;gl;lhy; mj;jifabjhU tHf;if mth; jhuhskhf,lyhk;/ cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; cilik. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; chpikK:ykhf milt[w;W. mth; chpikePf;fk; bra;ag;gLthuhdhy;. mth; cilikiag;bgw tHf;fplyhk;. mjw;fhf mth; mg;bghGJ bgahputy; (gpdhkp) jd;ikapyhd eltof;if kPJ rhh;e;jpUg;gjpy;iy/ Mdhy;. khw;Wf;nfhhpf;ifia bjspthff; Twp bka;g;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk;. chpik tHf;fpy; vGg;gg;gltpy;iybad;Wk;.,U fPHik ePjpkd;w';fspd; jPh;Kot[k; vjph;kiwahf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;jJ/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk;,';F vGg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mj;jifabjhU thjk; njitapy;iy vd;Wk;. mjw;Fkhwhf me;j thjk; ntz;Lbkdpy;. vJ Kiwahd thjkhff; fUjg;glyhk; vd;Wk;. gzpe;Jiuf;f v';fs; Kd;ghf. Rfhd; jh!; ?vjph;? fpUc&;zhde;j;. I/vy;/Mh;/ 32 ghl;dh 353 kw;Wk; _ gf;thd; rp'; ?vjph;?,uhk; ghrp Tth;. V/I/Mh;/ 1957 ghl;dh 157 Mfpa tHf;Ffspd; kPJ rhh;t[wg;gl;Ls;sJ/,t;tpuz;L tHf;FfSk; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F mhpjhfnt cjtpbra;a[k;/ iraj; xsyj; mypahy;. mtuJ kUkfd; cwf;fPh; Myk; bgahpy; bgahputyhf th';fg;gl;l gpd;dh;. iraj; xsyj; myp brhj;jpd; RthjPdj;jpy; bjhlh;e;J,Ue;Jte;jhh; vd;w r';fjpia tHf;Fiu Iaj;jpw;fplkpd;wp tpthpj;jhYk;.,e;j cilik. me;j cWjpg;gj;jpu th';FeUf;F vr;rkaj;jpYk; vjph;epiyahdJ vd;W mJ brhy;ytpy;iy/ iraj; xsyj; mypapd; kUkfdhd cwf;fPh; Myk; mtUld; trpj;Jte;jhh;/ iraj; xsyj; myp. mtUf;F vjpuhf vjph;epiyahd chpikK:yk; vjida[k; xUnghJk; cWjpgl Twpajhf ve;jbthU fUj;Jk;,y;iy my;yJ cilika[hpik kw;Wk; cilik Fwpj;Jk; xUnghJk; ve;jg; gpur;rpida[k; vGe;jjpy;iy/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;gJ bjhlh;e;Jk;. btspg;gilahft[k;. kjpg;gPLilajhft[k; nghJkhd mstpy;,Uf;fntz;Lk;. nkYk; cilik vjph;epiyahfpwnghJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egiu Kd;dpl;L fhytiuaiwapd; Muk;gg; g[s;sp bjhl';Ftij mwpayhk; vd;gijj; bjhptpf;f Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU thjkhtJ njitg;gLfpwJ/ cilik vjph;epiyahfpwnghJ. mjw;fhf vijr; bra;jpUe;jhYk;.,';F mjw;F rhd;nwJkpy;iy/ @gw;gy 12 Mz;Lfshf@ jilaw;w cilik,Ue;Jte;jJ vd;W ghpfhuf; Twpy; fUj;Jf;TwpapUe;jhYk; my;yJ thjp. @KGikahd chpikK:yj;ij@ bgw;wpUe;jhh; vd;gJk; mj;jifabjhU thjj;ij vGg;g nghJkhdjy;y/ ePz;lfhy cilik vd;gJ fl;lhakhd vjph;epiy cilikay;y kw;Wk; ntz;Liu TW. xU ntz;LnfhSf;fhd gjpyikt[ my;y/ nkw;nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l tHf;Ffs; mhpjhfnt ghprPypf;fg;glntz;oait. Vbdd;why;. xt;bthU tHf;Fk;. mt;tHf;fpd; tHf;FiuapYs;s rhl;Liuapd;nghpy; jPh;khdpf;fg;glntz;Lk;/ gpc&d; jahs; ?vjph;? nfnc&h gpurhj;. V/I/Mh;/ 1940 gp/rp/ 202 vd;w tHf;fpy;. Kiwahd tHf;F mwptpg;gpd;wp th';fpa gpwF cilikapd; mog;gilapyhd xU khw;W tHf;if ePjpaf; FG Vw;ftpy;iy vd;gijr; Rl;of;fhl;LtJ nghJkhdjhFk;/@ 20/ thjp vd;w jFjpapy; cs;s mj;jifa xU egh;. cilik ePf;fk; vd;w neh;t[ cl;gl mtuJ chpikfs; VJk; kWf;fg;gLk;neh;tpy;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpikK:yk; milag;bgw;Ws;shh; vd;w tifapyhd thjj;ij vg;bghGJk; gad;gLj;jpf;bfhs;syhk;/ kz;ly tUtha; mYtyh; ?vjph;? ft[z;ly bt';ifa;ah kw;Wk; xUth;. (2010) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 461 vd;w tHf;fpy;.,uh$!;jhd; khepy muR ?vjph;? cwh;g{y; rp';. (2000) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 652 vd;w tHf;fpd; jPh;Kotpid,e;ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpikK:yk; bgWjypd; mog;gilapy; thjpahy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;lJ/,e;ePjpkd;wk;. md;df;fpsp ?vjph;? v/ ntjehafk;. (2007) 14 v!;/rp/rp/ 308 kw;Wk; gp/o/ Kdprpf;fz;zh bul;o ?vjph;? nutk;kh. (2007) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 59 vd;w tHf;Ffspd; jPh;Kot[fisa[k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ/ vjph;epiy cilikapd;go chpikK:yj;ijg; bgwKoa[k; vdf; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ vjph;epiy cilik. Mtz chpikahshplkpUe;J Vw;bfdnt ePf;fg;gl;l chpikK:yj;ij vjph;epiy cilikahsUf;F braYWjpa[ld; khw;wpaikf;fpwJ/,jd;goahf vjph;epiy cilikahsUf;F chpik te;jilfpwJ/,e;ePjpkd;wk;,t;thwhf,t;tHf;ifg; ghprPypj;Js;sJ: @48/,uh$!;jhd; khepy muR ?vjph;? cwh;g{y; rp';. 2000 (5) v!;/rp/rp/ 652 vd;w tHf;fpy;. vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs;,uh$!;jhd; khepyj;jpw;Fs; nehcwhpy; nehcwh;?ghj;uh rhiyapy; mike;Js;s tHf;F epyj;jpd; kPJ vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; milag;bgw;w chpikK:yj;ijf; bfhz;oUe;jduh> vd;w tpdhtpid,e;ePjpkd;wk; ghprPypj;jJ/ vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpikK:yj;ij mile;Jtpl;lhh; vd;w fhz;Kot[ld; mtuJ mr;RWj;jg;gl;l cilik ePf;fj;jpid Kd;dpl;L mtuhy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l chpik tHf;fpy; tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jPh;g;ghizaplg;gl;lJ/ khepy murhy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l Kjy; kw;Wk;,uz;lhtJ nky;KiwaPLfs; Kiwna fPHik nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jhYk;. cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhYk; js;Sgo bra;ag;gl;ld/,e;ePjpkd;wk;. fPHik ePjpkd;w';fnshL cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iufisa[k;. jPh;g;ghizfisa[k; khw;wpaikj;J. thjp?vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. vjph;epiy cilikapd;go chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhz;l mtuJ nfhhpf;ifia bka;g;gpf;f,aytpy;iy vdj; jPh;khdpj;jJ/ vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpikK:yj;ij miljy; Fwpj;j gpur;rpidapd;nghpyhd rpy fUj;Jiufs;,t;tHf;fpy; cs;sd. mit fPnH vLFwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;fk; 660. gj;jp 12) @12/ vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf; bfhs;Sjy; vd;w gpur;rpidiag; bghWj;jtiuapy; mJt[k; bghJ brhj;ijg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. mirahr; brhj;Jf;Fhpa khepy murpd; chpik-chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtJld; xd;Wk; itj;Jf;bfhz;ouhj K:d;whe;jug;gpduhd Mf;fpukpg;ghshpd; kPJ chpikK:yj;ij mspg;gij,Wjpahf cs;slf;FfpwJ vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhf,g;gpur;rpid kpft[k; fUj;J}d;wp Mf;fg;g{h;tkhf ghprPypf;fg;glntz;oajhfpwJ/ bjhlh;r;rpahdjhft[k;. btspg;gilahdjhft[k;. gug;bgy;iya[ilajhft[k;,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;w rhjhuz mog;gilj; njitia gp/ yc&;kp bul;o ?vjph;? vy;/ yc&;kp bul;o. V/I/Mh;/ 1957 v!;/rp/ 314 vd;w tHf;fpd; jPh;Kot[ Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ ? mjhtJ cilik vjpuhspf;F vjph;epiyahdJ vd;W fhz;gpf;f. njitg;gLk; cilik bjhlh;r;rpahdjpYk;. btspg;gilahdjpYk;. gug;bgy;iyapYk; nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ mjpy;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpik K:yj;ijg; bgw tpUk;g[fpw xU eghpd; bray;nehf;fk; my;yJ cl;fUj;J vJthf,Ue;jhYk;. mth; njitg;gLk; bray;nehf;fj;Jld; cz;ikahd cilikapid bgWk;tiuapy;. mtuJ vjph;epiy cilikia bjhl';f,ayhJ/@ 50/ Kog;gjw;FKd;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpikK:yj;ijg; bgWfpd;w gpur;rpidapd;nghpyhd rl;lk;. rkPgj;jpa,U jPh;g;g[iufspy; ghprPypf;fg;gl;L. vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij ehk; fhzyhk;/ md;df;fpsp ?vjph;? v/ ntjehafk;. 2007 (14) v!;/rp/rp/ 308?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wk; fPH;f;fz;lthW fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;fk; 316. gj;jp 24) @24/ vjph;epiy cilik K:ykhd nfhhpf;iff;F,uz;L TWfs; cs;sd: (1) gpujpthjpapd; cilik thjpf;F vjph;epiyahfpapUf;fntz;Lk; kw;Wk; (2) mjd;gpwF gpujpthjp 12 Mz;L fhyk; cilikapy; bjhlh;e;J,Ue;Jtuntz;Lk;/ ed;fwpe;j xd;whd cilik vz;zk;. vjph;epiy cilikf;F njitahd Mf;ff;TwhFk;/ epyj;ij rhjhuzkhf cilik bfhz;oUg;gJ. me;j nehf;fj;jpw;fhd cilik chpikK:ykhf mJ KGikaile;JtplhJ vd;gJ jw;nghJ ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;l rl;lf;nfhl;ghlhFk;/ cilikahsh; cilik vz;z';bfhz;L. cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; chpikK:yj;Jf;F vjph;epiyahf epyj;ij itj;jpUf;fntz;Lk;/ me;j nehf;fj;jpw;fhf cilik vz;zk;,Ug;gjhf fhl;lg;gLtnjhld;wp. mJ cilikapd; bjhlf;fj;jpy;,Ug;gjhf fhl;lg;glntz;Lk;/ mth;. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; nkw;go jFjpapy; bjhluntz;Lk;/ ePz;lfhy cilik. 12 Mz;LfSf;F nkyhd fhyj;jpw;F. mjw;F nkyhf VJkpd;wp. Xh; chpikK:ykhf KGepiwthfhJ/@ 51/ gp/o/ Kdprpf;fz;zh bul;o ?vjph;? nutk;kh. 2007 (6) v!;/rp/rp/ 59 vd;w tHf;fpy; ePjpkd;wk;. vjph;epiy cilikf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; gd;Kfj; jd;ikfisg; ghprPypj;J. gpd;tUtd cl;gl gy;ntW mWjpa[iufis tFj;Jiuj;J cs;sJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;f';fs; 66 & 68. gj;jpfs; 5 & 8)/ xxx 8/ //// vjph;epiy cilik vDk; nfhhpf;ifia kjpg;gpLtjw;F,Utifahd tprhuiz njitg;gLfpwJ: 1/ fhytiuaiw tifaj;ijg; bghUe;jr;bra;jy; vd;why; rl;ltpaypd;go chpikahsh; jug;gpyhd @ntz;Lbkd;nw mrl;ilahapUj;jy;@ vd;w TW epWtg;glntz;Lk;/,J bjhlh;ghf btw;wpfukhd bghUe;Jif vd;gJ Mtz?chpikahshplkpUe;J epyj;jpd; chpikK:yj;ij tpyf;fptpLfpwJ/ 2/ vjph;epiy cilikahshpd; jug;gpy; cilik ePf;fk; bra;tjw;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l neh;kiwahd cl;fUj;J. Mtz?chpikahshplkpUe;J Vw;bfdnt ePf;fg;gl;l chpikK:yj;ij Mf;fg;g{h;tkhdKiwapy; vjph;epiy cilikahsUf;F khw;wptpLfpwJ/ mjd;go cilik ePf;fk; bra;tJ cl;fUj;jhf,Ue;jhYk;. vjph;epiy cilikahsh; rhh;ghf chpik te;jilfpwJ vd;gJ xU mtruepiy btspg;gil Tw;whft[k;. brhj;jpidg; ngzpf;fhf;Fk; vz;z';bfhz;ljhft[k; cs;sJ/ (mrypYs;sthW typa[Wj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ)@ 21/ gp/o/ Kdprpf;fz;zh bul;o ?vjph;? nutk;kh. (2007) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 59?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wk; fPH;f;fz;lthW fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ: 2/ gpujpthjpfshd vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs;. j';fSila vjph;tHf;Fiuapy;. thjpfspd; nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Tw;wpid kWj;J vjph;j;Jiuj;J. nkw;go 1 Vf;fh; 21 Fz;lh!; epyj;jpYk; my;yJ mjd; RthjPdj;jpYk; j';fSf;Fhpa chpik. chpikK:yk; kw;Wk; ghj;jpaij Mfpatw;iwf; nfhhp thjpl;Ls;sdh;/ thjpfshd nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; nfs;tpf;Fs;shd epy';fspd; cilikapy; 50 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf,Ue;JtUtjhy; mth;fs; vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpikK:yj;ij mile;Js;sdh; vdf; fw;wwpe;j tprhuiz ePjpgjp kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; jPh;khdpj;J. chpik tHf;fpy; jPh;g;ghizapl;lhh;/ mjid vjph;j;J vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshy; cah; ePjpkd;wk; Kd;ghf Kd;bfhzug;gl;oUf;fpd;w nky;KiwaPl;od;nghpy;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nkw;go jPh;g;g[iu khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L. jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;ljhtJ: @(i) /// vjph;epiy cilikapd; Kf;fpa Tw;Wfs;,Utpjkhdit/ xd;W. vtiu Kd;dpl;L vjph;epiy cilik nfhug;gLfpwnjh. me;j eghpd; chpik K:yj;ij m';fPfhpg;gjhFk;/ kw;bwhd;W. chpikK:yk; itj;jpUg;gthpd; chpikf;F vjph;epiyahf mDgtpj;J tug;gLk; brhj;J mtUf;Fhpa chpikf;F khwhdJ vd mtUf;F mwpar;bra;jgpwF. mr;brhj;jpid mDgtpj;J tUtjhFk;/,t;tpU Tw;WfSk;.,t;tHf;fpd; thJiufspYk;. rhd;wpYk; mog;gilahfnt,y;iy//// (ii) 1934?36 Mz;LfSf;fpilna thjpfspd; cilik gpujpthjpfSf;F vjpuhdJ vd;w fPHik ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fhz;Kot[. kPz;Lk; Mtzj;ijg; ghh;j;jkhj;jpuj;jpnyna bjspthfj; bjhpaf;Toa xU jtwhFk;/ gpujpthjpfspd; kw;w epyk; bjhlh;ghd thjpfspd; nfhhpf;if. 5/7/1936?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l gpd;dpl;l fpiua Mtzj;jpd; mog;gilapyhdJ vd;W nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"uhy; vd; Kd;ghf jw;nghJ bjspthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ gy Mz;Lfshf cilikapypUe;J tUtJ cz;ikahf,Ue;jhY';Tl. mJ vjph;epiy cilik K:ykhd chpikK:yj;ij mDgtpj;JtUk; egiu kiwj;JtplhJ vd;gJ mWjpaplg;gl;l rl;lkhFk;/ nkny Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW. vjph;epiy cilikapd; Kf;fpakhd Mf;ff;TWfs; epiwt[ bra;ag;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;/@ 6/ bgUk;ghyhd mjpfhutuk;g[fspy; vjph;epiy cilikiar; braw;gLj;Jk; jpwd;. cWjpahd fhytiuaiwr; rl;l';fspd; kPJ rhh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. mjidr; braw;gLj;Jtjhy; ePjpkd;wj;ij mQqFk; chpik. fhyk; fle;JtpLtjd; K:yk; fhyhtjpahfptpLfpwJ/ vjph;epiy cilikiag; bghWj;j? tiuapy;. Mtz?chpikahshpd; chpikfis vjph;g;gjhy;. brhj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiwbfhs;shj chpikahsUf;F vjpuhf ePz;lfhykhf epyj;ijf; ftdpj;Jf;bfhz;L. mjid nkk;gLj;jptUk; vjph;epiy cilikahsUf;F Mjuthf xU fl;lhd jFjpahd chpikfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/ etPd fhytiuaiwr; rl;l';fs;. xU tpjpahf. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F kw;bwhUthpd; vjph;epiy cilikapy;,Ue;JtUk; brhj;jpid kPsg;bgWtjw;fhf xU eltof;ifiaf; bfhz;LtUtjw;F xUtUf;Fs;s chpikia mw;Wnghfr; bra;tnjhly;yhky;. cilikahsUf;F chpikK:yj;ija[k; mspf;fpwJ/ mj;jifa rl;l';fspd; cl;fUj;J ahbjdpy;. chpikfis cWjpg;gLj;jpf;bfhs;s mf;fiwfhl;lhj xUtiu jz;og;gnjhld;wp. chpik nfhhpf;ifapd; fPnHh my;yJ chpikK:yk; vd;w jd;ikapnyh rl;lg;go Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhyj;jpw;F brhj;jpd; cilikapy; bjhlh;e;jpUe;JtUgth;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;FkhFk;/ (fhz;f: mbkhpf;f rl;ltpay;. bjhFg;g[

3. 2?<. g/81) vjph;epiy cilikia mbkhpf;ff; fUj;Jg;go Fwpg;ghf. fhytiuaiwr; rl;l';fspd; gpd;dzpapy; Ma;t[bra;ifapy;. cilikia ePf;Ftjw;fhd vz;zj;ij Kw;wpYkhfg; g[wf;fzpj;JtplKoahJ/ vjph;epiy cilik nfhhpf;ifapy; btw;wpg;bgWtjw;F. fhytiuaiwiar; rhjhuzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnj nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fhJ/ 8/ Mfnt. vjph;epiy cilik vDk; nfhhpf;ifia kjpg;gpLtjw;F,Utifahd Ma;t[ njitg;gLfpwJ: 1/ fhytiuaiw tifaj;ijg; bghUe;jr;bra;jy; vd;why; rl;ltpaypd;go chpikahsh; jug;gpyhd @ntz;Lbkd;nw mrl;ilahapUj;jy;@ vd;w TW epWtg;glntz;Lk;/,J bjhlh;ghf btw;wpfukhd bghUe;Jif vd;gJ Mtz?chpikahshplkpUe;J epyj;jpd; chpikK:yj;ij tpyf;fptpLfpwJ/ 2/ vjph;epiy cilikahshpd; jug;gpy; cilik ePf;fk; bra;tjw;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l neh;kiwahd cl;fUj;J. Mtz?chpikahshplkpUe;J Vw;bfdnt ePf;fg;gl;l chpikK:yj;ij Mf;fg;g{h;tkhdKiwapy; vjph;epiy cilikahsUf;F khw;wptpLfpwJ/ mjd;go cilik ePf;fk; bra;tJ cl;fUj;jhf,Ue;jhYk;. vjph;epiy cilikahsh; rhh;ghf chpik te;jilfpwJ vd;gJ xU mtruepiy btspg;gil Tw;whft[k;. brhj;jpid ngzpf;fhf;Fk; vz;z';bfhz;ljhft[k; cs;sJ/ 30/ fh;ehlf tf;g[ thhpak; vd;w tHf;fpy; rl;lk;,t;thwhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ g/ 785. gj;jp 11) @11/ rl;lj;jpd; ghh;itapy;.,ilaPL,y;yhjtiuapy; chpikahsnu brhj;jpd; cilikapypUg;gjhff; fUjg;gLthh;/ ePz;lfhykhf chpikahsuhy; brhj;J gad;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk;. mJ mtuJ chpikK:yj;ijg; ghjpf;fhJ/ Mdhy;. vg;nghJ kw;bwhU egh;. brhj;jpd; cilikia vLj;Jf;? bfhz;L. mjd;kPjhd chpikia typa[Wj;Jfpwhnuh. mg;nghJ me;j epiyg;ghL khw;wg;gLk;/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;gJ cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; chpikK:yj;ij kWf;Fk;tifapy; vjpuhd chpik K:yj;ij bjspthf cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpyhd vjpuhd cilikahFk;/ vjph;epiy ciliknfhUk; xU jug;gpdh;. jdJ cilikahdJ tw;g[Wj;jypd;wp. kiwKfkhftd;wp. mDkjpapd;wp mjhtJ mikjpahdJ. btspg;gilahdJ. bjhlh;e;jpUe;J tUtJ vd;gdtw;iw bka;g;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ mth;fspd; cilikia. cz;ikahd chpikahsUf;F vjph;epiyahf cs;sJ vd;gijf; fhz;gpf;Fk;tz;zk; mt;t[ilik bjhlh;e;JtUtjpYk;. btspg;gil? ahdjpYk;. mstpYk; nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fntz;Lk;/,J Xh; cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; jtwhd cilikkhw;wj;Jld; bjhl';fp rl;lg;goahd fhyj;jpw;Fk;nkyhf cz;ikahdjhft[k;. btspg;gil? ahdjhft[k;. jdpg;gl;ljhft[k;. vjpuhdjhft[k;. bjhlh;e;JtUtjhft[k;,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ (fhz;f: v!;/vk;/ fhPk; ?vjph;? gPgp rfpdh. ghh;rpd;dp ?vjph;? Rfp kw;Wk; o/vd;/ bt';fluhag;gh ?vjph;? fh;ehlf khepy muR) cz;ikahd chpikahsUf;F vjpuhd chpikahsuhf,Ug;gjw;F jdpg;gl;l cilik kw;Wk; cilikbfhs;Sk; vz;zk; vd;w,ay;ghd r';fjpfs;.,j;jd;iktha;e;j tHf;Ffspy; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;glntz;oa kpft[k; Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfshFk;/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk;. J}a;ikahd rl;lg; gpur;rpidf; bfhz;ljy;y. mJ r';fjpa[k;. rl;lKk; fye;j xd;whFk;/ Mfnt. vjph;epiy ciliknfhUk; egh; xUth; (m) mth; ve;j ehspy; cilikapy; te;jhh;> (M) mtuJ cilik vj;jifa jd;ika[ilaJ> (,) cilik Fwpj;j cWjpahd r';fjpfis kw;w jug;gpdh; mwptuh> (<) mtuJ cilik vt;tst[ fhykhf bjhlh;e;jpUf;fpwJ> kw;Wk; (c) mtuJ cilik btspg;gilahdJ.,ila{ww;wJ vd;gdtw;iw fhz;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ vjph;epiy cilikia thJiuf;Fk; egh;. mtiug; bghWj;jtiuapy; neh;ikbewpfsw;wth;/ mth;. cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; chpikfis vjph;f;f Kidtjhy;. mtuJ vjph;epiy cilikia epiyehl;Ltjw;F njitahd midj;J r';fjpfisa[k; bjspthf thJiuj;J. epiyehl;lntz;oaJ mtUf;Fhpa flikahFk;/@ 22/ cwhpahdh khepy muR ?vjph;? Knfc&; Fkhh; kw;Wk; gyh;. (2011) 10 v!;/rp/rp/ 404 vd;w tHf;fpy; ePjpkd;wk;. thjp vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf gpur;rpidf;Fhpa brhj;jpd; chpikahsuhfpapUe;jhuh> vd;w tpdhtpidg; ghprPypj;jJ. nkYk; mr;N:H;epiyapy; (nkw;fz;l) nutk;kh kw;Wk; `ngh;btjh; ?vjph;? brapd;l; nkhpnynghd; g[uhgh;o fk;bgdp ypkpbll;. (1962) 2 V/</Mh;/ 288 (bcwr;/vy;/) kw;Wk; bla;yh; ?vjph;? otpd;bgh;nuh. 1930?My;,/Mh;/ bug; 342 (o/rp/) vd;w tHf;Ffspd; jPh;Kot[fs; ghprPypf;fg;gl;L. vjph;epiy cilik vjph;kiwahd kw;Wk; gpd;bjhluf;Toa chpikia mspj;J. vtnuh xUthpd; neh;kiwahd chpikapd;goahf ePjpkd;wj;ij mQqFtjw;F kl;Lnk cjt[fpwJ vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd; bray;ghl;odhy; jilbra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/ Mtz chpikahshpd; chpik mw;Wg;ngha;tpLfpwJ. nkYk;. brhj;jpidg; g[wf;fzpj;Jtpl;l chpikahsiu Kd;dpl;L. vjph;epiy cilikahsh; epyj;ijf; ftdpj;J. nkk;gLj;jpajhy; mtUf;F Mjuthf rl;lg;goahd chpikfs; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/,e;ePjpkd;wk;,t;thwhf fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ: @32/,e;ePjpkd;wk; nutk;kh (2007) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 59?,y; vjph;epiy cilikapd; cz;ikahd,ay;gpidg; g[hpe;Jbfhs;tjw;F. `ngh;btjh; ?vjph;? brapd;l; nkhpnynghd; g[uhgh;o fk;bgdp ypkpbll; (1962) 2 My;,/Mh;/ 288 (bcwr;/vy;/) ghprPypf;fg;glyhk;.,jpy; bla;yh; ?vjph;? otpd;bgh;nuh (1930) 2 nf/gp/?I Fwpg;gpl;L. vjph;epiy cilik. vjph;kiwahd kw;Wk; gpd;bjhluf;Toa chpikahf kl;Lnk gadspf;fpwJ/ Vbddpy;. vtnuh xUthpd; neh;kiwahd chpikapd;goahf ePjpkd;wj;ij mQqFtJ rl;lj;jpd; bray;ghl;odhy; jilbra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;W brhy;yg;gLfpwJ/ vjph;epiy cilikiag; bghWj;jtiuapy;. Mtz?chpikahshpd; chpikfSf;F vjpuhf. brhj;jpidg; g[wf;fzpj;Jtpl;l brhj;jpd; chpikahsiu Kd;dpl;L. epyj;ij ePz;lfhykhf ftdpj;Jf;bfhz;L. mjid nkk;gLj;jptUk; vjph;epiy cilikahsUf;F Mjuthf xU fl;lhd rl;lg;goahd chpikfs; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/@ 23/ fpUc&;zK:h;j;jp v!;/ brl;Y}h; (,we;Jtpl;lhh;) rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjpfs; K:ykhf ?vjph;? X/tp/ eurpk;k brl;o kw;Wk; gyh;. 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Mfnt. vjph;epiy cilikf;fhf chpiknfhUk; thjp. ve;jj; njjpapypUe;J jdpg;gl;l. bjhlh;e;j.,ila{ww;w cilikapypUg;gjw;F nfhUfpwhh; vd;gij thJiuj;J bka;g;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ cilik vjph;epiyahdjh>,y;iyah> vd;w tpdh mt;tg;nghJ xU rhjhuz r';fjpahf,Ue;jhYk;. mJ rl;lj;jpd; Kothft[k;,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ rl;lKk;. r';fjpa[k; fye;j tpdhthft[k;,Uf;fyhk;/ fz;lwpag;gl;l r';fjpfs; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;glntz;Lbkd;whYk;. mtw;wpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; Kot[ mjhtJ. btspnaw;wk; my;yJ vjph;epiy cilik vd;gJ rl;lg; gpur;rpidna. mJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ghprPypf;fg;glntz;Lk;/ 13/ brhy;yg;gl;lthW.,e;j chpikapay; nky;KiwaPL. c/tp/K/r/. gphpt[ 96?,d; fPH; mry; gpujpthjpfshy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l Mh;/vg;/V/ vz; 672-1996?,y; cah; ePjpkd;wj; jPh;g;g[iuapypUe;J vGfpwJ/ mjhtJ. vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iu. FHg;gj;jpd; fl;lhFk;/,J. rhl;rpfspd; rhd;Wiufisf; fhz;Kot[fshf nkw;nfhs; fhl;LfpwJ/,J fPHik ePjpkd;w';fspd; fhz;Kot[fis nkw;nfhs; fhl;LfpwJ.,it Ke;ija Rw;wpy; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ePf;fwt[ bra;ag;gl;litahFk;/,J Ke;ija Rw;wpy; cah; ePjpkd;w xU';fpize;j mkh;thy; mspf;fg;gl;l fhz;Kot[fis tpkh;rpf;fpwJ/,J,t;tHf;fpy; jPh;t[f;fhf vGfpd;w rl;lg; gpur;rpidf;F tpilaspf;ftpy;iy/ Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;ilf; Fwpg;gplntz;Lbkd;why;.,t;tHf;fpy; jPh;t[f;fhf vGfpd;w Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfSs; xd;W ahbjdpy;. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. 1963. tFKiwf;TW 64?,d; fPH; gd;dpbuz;L Mz;L fhy fzf;fPl;oy; thlifjhuhpd; cilik. chpikahshpd; cilikahff; fUjg;gl,aYkh> vd;gnjahFk;/,njnghd;W. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iu. Mh;/v!;/V/ vz; 545-1973?,y; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; 14/8/1981?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l jPh;Kot[. ma;a';fhhpd; midj;J rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjpfis-mth;fspd; cilik khw;wk; bgw;wth;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jpajh> vd;gJ Fwpj;j tpdht[f;F tpilaspf;ftpy;iy/ mnjnghd;W. vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iu. ma;a';fhUf;F vjpuhf nf/v!;/ brl;Y}uhy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l chpik tHf;F vz; 94-1956?,y; tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tH';fg;gl;l 10/11/1961?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l jPh;g;g[iuapd; tpistpidf; fUj;jpw;bfhs;stpy;iy vd;gnjhL. kW cilik khw;wj;jpw;fhd,t;t[hpik tHf;fpy; ma;a';fhUf;F Mjuthf fy;ahz Re;juk; ma;auhy; epiwntw;wg;gl;l cilikkhw;wk; xU bgahputy; (gpdhkp) eltof;ifahFk; vd;w nf/v!;/ brl;Y}hpd; thjj;ij fPHik ePjpkd;wk; Vw;ftpy;iy vd;gjhFk;/ mnjnghd;W. vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iu. c&pahksh uh$^ cilikapypUe;Jbfhz;L ntshz;ik bra;Jte;jnghjpYk;. mth; ma;a';fhh; fPnHh. nf/v!;/ brl;Y}hpd; fPnHh Fj;jifjhuuhf,Ue;jhuh> vd;gJ mWjpahf bka;g;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy vDk;goahf chpik tHf;F vz; 79-1949?,y; epue;ju cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;fhf ma;a';fhuhy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l chpik tHf;fpy;. chpikapay; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; bra;ag;gl;l fUj;Jiufspd; tpistpidf; fUj;jpw;bfhs;s jtwptpl;lJ/ mnjnghd;W. Ke;ija chpik tHf;F vz; 79-1949?,y; ma;a';fhUf;nfh. mtuJ rl;lg;goahd thhpRfSf;nfh chpikaspf;fg;gl;oUe;Jk;. mth;fs; chpikK:yj;jpd;nghpy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;jjd; tpisita[';Tl vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iuapy; fUj;jpw;bfhs;stpy;iy/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w tHf;fpy; ePjpkd;w';fs; thjpahy; tHf;Fiuapy; brhy;yg;gLk; thjj;ijf; fz;lwpantz;Lk;/ tHf;Fiuapy; vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; chpikahsuhff; nfhUfpd;w thjp. cz;ikahd cilikapid thJiuf;fntz;Lk;/ mth; ve;jf; fhyj;jpy; ve;j ehspypUe;J cilikapypUe;jjhff; nfhUfpwhh; vd;gij thJiuf;fntz;Lk;/ epyj;jpd; cz;ikahd chpikahsUf;F bjhpe;nj mtuJ cilik bjhlh;e;Jk;. jdpg;gl;Lk;.,ila{wd;wpa[k;,Ue;Jte;jJ vd;gij thJiuj;J bka;g;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ mth; vjph;epiy chpikK:yj;ijf; fhz;g;gpf;fntz;Lk;/ mth;. jdJ vjph;epiy jd;ikia cz;ikahd chpikahsUf;Fj; bjhptpf;fntz;Lk;/,e;j mk;r';fs; vita[k; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; mjDila vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iuapy; ghprPypf;fg;gl;oUf;ftpy;iy/ nkny Twg;gl;lthW. vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd jPh;g;g[iu. c/tp/K/r/. gphpt[ 96?,d; fPHhdjhFk;.,J c/tp/K/r/. gphpt[ 100?,d; fPHhd jPh;g;g[iunaay;y/ nkny Twg;gl;lthW. vjph;epiy cilik my;yJ btspnaw;wk;. (cs;sgona) bka;g;gpf;fg;gl;l r';fjpfspypUe;J vLf;fg;glntz;oa KothFk;. me;j ntiy Kjy; nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpw;FhpajhFk;/@ 24/ gp/o/ Kdprpf;fz;zh bul;o ?vjph;? nutk;kh. (2007) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 59 vd;w tHf;fpy;. thjp. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapyhd chpikK:yj;ijf; nfhhpdhh;/ ePjpkd;wk; fUj;jwptpj;jjhtJ: @5/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;gJ xU tifapy;. cilikapYs;s eghpd; vjpuhd bray;fSf;Fk;. nfhhpf;iffSf;Fk; chpikahsh; vjph;g;g[j; bjhptpf;fhjjd;nghpy; vjph;epiy cilikahsUf;F. chpikahsh; brhj;ij tpl;Lf;bfhLj;Js;shh; vd;w bfhs;ifapd; my;yJ mDkhdj;jpd; mog;gilapyhdjhFk;/ vjph;epiy cilik khjphpapd; rPhpa gz;g[fs; vd;gd mjpy; btspg;gilahft[k;. bjhlh;e;Jk;. vjph;epiyahft[k; mike;jpUf;Fk;/ (fhz;f: blsdp'; ?vjph;? ngh;L. 100 nrh/ 2o/ 57 (gpsh/ 1958); mh;fd;rh!; fhk;bkknuot; fkpc&d; ?vjph;? rpl;o M`g; ypl;oy; uhf;. 227 mh;f;/ 1085: 303 v!;/lgps;a{/ 2o 569 (1957); nkhdhl; ?vjph;? kh;gp. 207 vd;/xa;/ 240 100 vd;/</ 742 (1913); rpl;o M`g; uhf; !;gphp';!; ?vjph;? !;lk;. 39 tpnah. 494: 273 g/908: 97 V/vy;/Mh;/ 1 (1929)/ 6/ bgUk;ghyhd mjpfhutuk;g[fspy; vjph;epiy cilikiar; braw;gLj;Jk; jpwd;. cWjpahd fhytiuaiwr; rl;l';fspd; kPJ rhh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. mjidr; braw;gLj;Jtjhy; ePjpkd;wj;ij mQqFk; chpik. fhyk; fle;JtpLtjd; K:yk; fhyhtjpahfptpLfpwJ/ vjph;epiy cilikiag; bghWj;jtiuapy;. Mtz?chpikahshpd; chpikfis vjph;g;gjhy;. brhj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiwbfhs;shj chpikahsUf;F vjpuhf ePz;lfhykhf epyj;ijf; ftdpj;Jf;bfhz;L. mjid nkk;gLj;jptUk; vjph;epiy cilikahsUf;F Mjuthf xU fl;lhd jFjpahd chpikfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/ etPd fhytiuaiwr; rl;l';fs;. xU tpjpahf. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F kw;bwhUthpd; vjph;epiy cilikapy;,Ue;JtUk; brhj;jpid kPsg;bgWtjw;fhf xU eltof;ifiaf; bfhz;LtUtjw;F xUtUf;Fs;s chpikia mw;Wnghfr; bra;tnjhly;yhky;. cilikahsUf;F chpikK:yj;ija[k; mspf;fpwJ/ mj;jifa rl;l';fspd; cl;fUj;J ahbjdpy;. chpikfis cWjpg;gLj;jpf;bfhs;s mf;fiwfhl;lhj xUtiu jz;og;gnjhld;wp. chpik nfhhpf;ifapd; fPnHh my;yJ chpikK:yk; vd;w jd;ikapnyh rl;lg;go Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhyj;jpw;F brhj;jpd; cilikapy; bjhlh;e;jpUe;J tUgth;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;FkhFk;/ (fhz;f: mbkhpf;f rl;ltpay;. bjhFg;g[ 3. 2?<. g/81) vjph;epiy cilikia mbkhpf;ff; fUj;Jg;go Fwpg;ghf. fhytiuaiwr; rl;l';fspd; gpd;dzpapy; Ma;t[bra;ifapy;. cilikia ePf;Ftjw;fhd vz;zj;ij Kw;wpYkhfg; g[wf;fzpj;Jtpl KoahJ/ vjph;epiy cilik nfhhpf;ifapy; btw;wpg;bgWtjw;F. fhytiuaiwiar; rhjhuzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnj nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fhJ/@ 25/ cwhy;!;ghpapd;,';fpyhe;J rl;l';fs;. 4?Mk; gjpg;g[. 28?MtJ bjhFg;g[. gj;jp 777?,y; vjph;epiy cilikapYs;s eghpd; epiyg;ghLfs; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cilikapYs;s egh; xUth; brhj;jpy; khw;wj;jf;f chpikbfhz;Ls;sJ. rl;lg;goahd fhyk; Koe;jgpd;dh;.,J cilikf;Fhpa xU ey;y chpikahff; fdpe;JtpLfpwJ: @777/ vjph;epiy cilikapYs;s eghpd; epiyg;ghL: chpikK:ykpd;wp epyj;jpd; cilikapYs;s egh;. cilikapy; bjhlh;e;J,Ue;JtUifapy;. rl;lg;goahd fhyk; fle;JtpLtjw;F Kd;g[. mth; brhj;jpy; khw;wj;jf;f chpikbfhz;Ls;shh;.,J g{uz chpikbfhz;l chpikahsiuj; jtpu. ntW vtUk; vjph;f;fhjtiuapy; rpwe;jjhFk;. Mdhy;. ve;neuj;jpYk; g{uz chpikbfhz;l chpikahsh; EiHtjhy; rl;lg;goahd Xh; chpik jfh;e;JtpLk;. nkYk; egh; xUthpd; K:yk; nfhUfpd;w xUtuhy; cilik kug[hpikahfg; bgwg;gl;L rl;lg;goahd fhyk; fle;JtpLk;tiuapy; itj;jpUg;ghuhdhy;. kug[hpikahsnu bkhj;jf; fhyj;jpw;Fk; cilik bfhz;oUg;gijg;nghd;W cilikapy; gpd;dh; ey;ynjhh; chpikiag; bgWthh;/@ 26/ cwhy;!;ghpapd;,';fpyhe;J rl;l';fs; vd;w E}ypd; 783?MtJ gj;jpapy; fhytiuaiwf; fhyk; fle;jjd; tpisthf chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLjy; Fwpj;Jk; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nkYk;. cilikia kPsg;bgWk; chpikia xUKiw,He;Jtpl;lhny. mjpy;. kPz;Lk; EiHtjd;K:ynkh my;yJ gpd;dpl;L chpikK:yj;ij xg;g[f;bfhs;tjhnyh kPz;Lk; mjid mile;Jtpl,ayhJ/ 783?Mk; gj;jp,jd;fPH; vLFwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ: @783/ chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLjy;: 1939?Mk; Mz;L. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lg;go eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fhyk; fle;J? tpl;ljw;fhf. ve;j egUk;. epyj;ij kPsg;bgWtjw;Fk; (kPl;g[ eltof;if cl;gl) my;yJ jpUf;nfhapy; gjtpfSf;F Ms; mkh;j;Jk; chpikiar; braw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; eltof;if vLj;jhbud;why;. me;j eghpd; epyj;jpw;Fhpa chpikK:ynkh. jpUf;nfhapy; gjtpfSf;F Ms; mkh;j;Jk; chpiknah mw;Wg;ngha;tpLfpwJ/,J Fonaw;w epyk; kw;Wk; mwf;fl;lisapd;nghpy; itj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gLk; epyk; bjhlh;ghd rpwg;g[ tifa';fSf;Fk;. gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l epyj;jpd; chpikahsh;. jdf;Fs;s chpikK:yj;ij mile;Jtpl;l egiu mw';fhtyuhf Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w tifa';fSf;Fk; cl;gl;ljhFk;/ mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;l chpikK:yk;. kPz;Lk; EiHtjhnyh. chpikK:yj;ijg; gpd;dpl;L bfhLj;JtpLtjhnyh my;yJ Vw;Wf;? bfhs;tjhnyh. gpwF mjid kPz;Lk; mile;Jtpl,ayhJ/ thliff; fl;lzj;ij tN:ypf;Fk; ghpfhuk; jilbra;ag;gLfpwnghJ. mJ mw;Wg;nghfpwJ/@ 27/ vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; bgwg;gLk; chpikK:yj;jpd; jd;ik Fwpj;Jk; cwhy;!;ghpapd;;,';fpyhe;J rl;l';fs; vd;w E}ypy; 785?MtJ gj;jpapy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ vjph;epiy cilik. ifa[ilikahsiu. cilikapd;goahf bgw;w chpikK:yj;Jld; tpl;LtpLtnjhL. mtiu btspnaw;Wtjw;F kw;wtUf;Fs;s chpikfisf; Fiwg;gjd;kPJ mikt[WfpwJ vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mJ rl;ltifapYk;. neh;ikbewpapYk; @ey;ynjhh; chpikK:yk;@ MFk;/ gj;jp 785?k;,jd;fPH; vLFwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ: @785/ chpikK:yj;jpd; jd;ik: chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLjy; vd;gjw;fhd rl;lg;goahd tifaj;jpd; bray;ghL vjph;kiwahfnt,Uf;fpwJ;,J cilikePf;f chpikahshpd; chpikiaa[k;. chpikK:yj;ija[k; mw;Wnghfr;bra;tJld;. cilik vd;w r';fjpahy; chpikK:yj;ijg; bgwr;bra;J. mtiu btspnaw;Wtjw;F kw;wtUf;Fs;s chpikfisf; Fiwg;gjd;kPJ mikt[WfpwJ/ rl;l eltof;ifahy; milag;bgw;w chpikK:yk; rl;l tifapYk;. neh;ikbewpapYk; ey;ynjhh; chpikK:yk; MFk;. nkYk; th';fj; ja';Fgth; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tw;g[Wj;jg;gLthh;/ tpw;gtUk;. mth; vth; K:ykhf chpik nfhUfpwhnuh mth;fSk;. gd;dpbuz;L Mz;Lfs; brhj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l cilikf; bfhz;oUe;jdh; vd;gjw;fhdr; rhd;W,Ue;jhYk;. mt;t[ilik bjhl';fpa rkaj;jpy; chpikK:yj;jpd; epiyf; Fwpj;J fhz;gpf;f rhd;nwJkpy;yhky; tpw;fj;jf;f chpikK:yj;ij epiyehl;LtJ nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fhJ/ th';Ftjw;fhd xg;ge;jk; btspg;gilahd xd;whf,Uf;Fkhdhy;. gd;dpbuz;L Mz;L fhy cilik nghJkhdjy;y kw;Wk; KGikahd chpikK:yk; njitg;gLfpwJ/ epyj;jpd; cilik. kug[g;go milt[w;w,iwapyp tif cilik vd;gjw;F Kjy;jur; rhd;wpUe;jhYk;. Fwpg;gpl;l rpyh;. mth;fspd; chpikfisg; bgWtjpypUe;J jil bra;ag;gLfpd;wdh; vd;Dk; r';fjpapypUe;J epyj;jpd; chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;Ws;s xUth; kug[hpikg;go milt[w;w chpikiana jd;dplk; itj;jpUg;ghh;; brhj;jpd; cilikiaf; bfhz;oUe;jth;fSf;F vjpuhf mth; gwpj;Jf;bfhs;sKoahj chpikK:yj;ij mile;jpUf;fyhk; vd;whYk;. gpd;dilt[hpikahfnth my;yJ v";Rhpikahfnth chpik bgw;Ws;s egh;fspd; chpikfs; rl;lj;jhy; Kw;wpYkhf ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy/@ 28/ bcwd;wp lgps;a{/ ngyd;ild; mth;fs;. @vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf chpikK:yk;@ vd;gjd;nghpyhd cwhh;thh;L rl;l kWMa;tpy; btspaplg;gl;l xU fl;Liuapy;. Kd;dhs; chpikahsuhy; cilikkhw;wk; bra;ag;gl;oUe;jijg;nghd;W me;j mst[f;F gaDila KGikahd chpikK:yj;ij cilikahsUf;F vjph;epiy cilik mspf;fpwJ vd gy;ntW jPh;Kot[fspd; ek;gpf;ifapd;nghpy; vjph;epiy cilik kw;Wk; chpikK:yj;jpidg; bgWjy; gw;wpa gpur;rpidf; Fwpj;J fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ/ nlhy;blf; uh";r; nfh/ ?vjph;? Ff;. 191 a{/v!;/ 532. 542 (1903)?,y; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW. chpikK:yk; jdpg;gl;lJ vd;whYk; kug[ K:yj;jpypUe;J bgwKoahjjd;W. nkYk; vjph;epiy cilik bjhl';fpa fhyj;jpw;F @btFfhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;nj bjhlh;g[ilaJ@ vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/ (fhz;f: gPy;L ?vjph;? gPg[s;!;. 180 III. 376. 383. 54 vd;/</ 304 (1899); bgy;ypnghd;bla;d; nfh/ ?vjph;? ePl;hp';cwh!;. 181 III. 426. 55 vd;/</ 184 (1899); rp/vg;/ yh rhny ?vjph;? rhdplhp o!;l;hpf;l;. 260 III. 423. 429. 103 vd;/</ 175 (1913); VkP!;. byf;rh;!; Md; yPfy; cwp!;lhp. 197; 3 M';nyh?mbkhpf;fd; v!;n!!;. 567)/ vjph;epiy cilikahsh;. Kd;dhs; chpikahshplkpUe;J jdJ chpikK:yj;ijg; bgWtjpy;iy. Mdhy;. g[jpa chpikK:yj;jpypUe;J jdJ cilikiag; bgWfpwhh;/ nfk;g; ?vjph;? nfk;g;. 5 fhd;/ 291 (1824); gpiu!; ?vjph;? yahd;. 14 fhd; fhd; 279. 290 (1841); nfhy; fphPf; vf;!;l;uh nfh/ ?vjph;? <!;l; bld; I/ & rp/ nfh/. 105 bld; 563; 59 v!;/lgps;a{/ 634. 636 (1900)?,y; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lthW. @Kiwg;go cilikapykh;j;Jk; epfH;r;rp@ vd;gJ,iwapyp tif cilikay;y kw;Wk; cilikiaf; ifahs;tjhFk;/ brhj;Jf;fhd chpikK:y';fs; cWjpaw;wjhft[k;. gpur;rpidf;Fhpajhft[k;,Uf;ff;TlhJ vd;whYk;. me;j bjhlh;e;j epfH;epiyapyhd ifahSifa[k; mt;t[hpikapd; cWjpg;ghLk; rl;lg;go,Ue;JtUk; chpikf;F mWjpahdr; rhd;whf,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ 29/ yhyh ncwk; re;j; ?vjph;? yhyh gpahp yhy; kw;Wk; gyh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1942 gp/rp/ 64 vd;w tHf;fpy;. vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j gpur;rpid vGe;jJ. mjpy;. mw';fhtyh; xUth;. mwf;fl;lisapd; fPH;

12 Mz;LfSf;Fk;nkyhf cilikapypUe;J te;jhh;.,J rl;lg;go bry;yhjjhFk; vDkplj;J. gpujpthjpahd chpikahshpd; chpik mw;Wg;nghfpwtplj;J. thjp mjid vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf milfpwhh; vd,';fpyhe;J murg; nguitf; FG fUj;Jiuj;jJ/ chpikahsh;. mtuJ chpik fhytiuaiwahy; jil bra;ag;gLtjhy; ghjpg;gilthuhapd;. cilikapYs;s jug;gpdhpd; rhh;ghd mtuJ chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtnj eilKiw tpisthFk;/ bjhlh;g[ila gFjp fPH;f;fz;lthW vLFwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ: @////mtUf;Fj; bjhpe;nj cl;fpilahd xg;g[jYld; fl;olk;. jUkrhiyf;fhf neh;j;jpf;fldhf xg;gilf;fg;gl;L. mj;jifathwhf mwf;fhhpa';fSf;Fk;. kj";rhh;e;j nehf;f';fSf;fhft[k; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jJ vd;gJk;. yhyh $hdfp jhRk;. mtUf;Fg; gpwF,uhk;re;Jk; 1931?Mk; Mz;Ltiuapy; brhj;jpd; cilikapypUe;J te;jdh; vd;gJkhf rhd;wpypUe;J bjhpatUk; Kot[ xl;Lbkhj;jkhf vjph;j;Jiuf;f,ayhjjhFk;/ tHf;fpd; jFjpf;TWfisg; ghprPypf;ifapy;. cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; cWjpahfr; Rl;of;fhl;lg; gl;lthW. @20 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf,f;fl;olk; $hdfp jhrpd; bghWg;gpy;,Ue;Jte;jJ. mtuJ,wg;gpd;nghpy;. mtuJ kfdhd gpujpthjp,uhk;re;j;. mr;brhj;J jdf;FhpaJ vd;nwh. mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l brhj;jhf mjidf; fUJtjw;F vjph;g;g[j; bjhptpj;njh xUKiwTl nfhhpapUe;jjpy;iy/@,f;FG. (66) 11 vk;/I/V/ 345: 7 lgps;a{/Mh;/ 21: 1 rjh;/ 676: 2 rh; 284 (gp/rp/). f';fh nfhgpd;jh!; kz;ly; ?vjph;? jp fbyf;lh; M`g; jp obtd;o?nghh; `bgh;Fzh!;. gf;fk; 361?,y; vtUila brhj;J Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;snjh. me;j chpikahsh;. mtuJ chpik fhytiuaiwahy; jilbra;ag;gLtjhy; ghjpg;gilthuhapd;. cilikapYs;s jug;gpdhpd; rhh;ghd mtuJ chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtnj eilKiw tpisthFk;/ fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. gphpt[ 28 TWtjhtJ: @VnjDk; brhj;jpd; cilikf;fhd Xh; chpik tHf;ifj; bjhLg;gjw;fhf ve;j egUf;Fk;,jd;go tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;ijj; jPh;khdpg;gjpy;. me;j brhj;Jf;Fs;s mtuJ chpik mw;Wg;nghapUj;jy;ntz;Lk;/@ yhyh $hdfp jhRk;.,uhk;re;Jk;. mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l mwepiyaj;jpd; rhh;ghf 12 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf vjph;epiyahf brhj;ij itj;jpUe;jdh;. ePlDnghfk; K:yk; bgwg;gl;l mjw;fhd chpikK:yk; mwepiyaj;jplKk;. gpujpthjpaplKk; milt[w;wpUe;jJ. mg;go VJk; mthplk;,Ue;jhy;. mJ fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. gphpt[ 28?I braw;gLj;Jtjd; K:yk; mw;Wngha;tpLk;/ yhyh $hdfp jh!;. mwf;fl;lisiaj; njhw;Wtpj;jthpd; kw;Wk; mtuJ rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjpfspd; eyDf;fhf mw';fhtyuhf tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; cilikiaj; jf;fitj;Jf;bfhz;lhh;. nkYk; mth; gphpitj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy vd;whYk;. mDkhdpf;fj;jf;ftifapy; fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 10,t;tHf;Ff;F bghUe;Jk; vd;w fUj;ij rhh;g[ ePjpgjp bfhz;oUf;fhtpl;lhYk;. gpujpthjpapd; chpikK:yk; fhytiuaiwapd;go jilbra;ag;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;w Kot[f;Fk; mth; te;jpUf;ff;TLk; vd;gjpy; khz;g[kpF ePjpaurh;fSf;F ve;j IaKkpy;iy/ nkw;go fhuz';fSf;fhf. gpujpthjp. tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; cilikiag; bgWtjw;F Kd;ng thjpfs; mjpy; j';fsJ chpikK:yj;ij 12 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhd vjph;epiy cilikK:yk; epWtpa[s;sdh;/ nkYk;. chpik tHf;F 1933?Mk; Mz;L $dthpapy; bfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sjhy;.,uz;lhz;L fhy cilik ePf;fk; vd;w,e;j kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs;. gpujpthjp. mDkjpahnyh. mj;JkPwypdhnyh ve;jKiwapyhtJ cilikiag; bgw;wpUf;ff;Toa epiyapy;. mthplk;,Uf;Fk; vJt[k; fhytiuaiwapd;go mw;Wk;ngha;tpLkhdhy;. mjid itj;jpUf;Fk; chpik K:yj;ijf;bfhz;l thjpfs;. gpujpthjpaplkpUe;J mjid kPsg;bgWtjw;Fhpath;fshth; vd;W khz;g[kpF ePjpaurh;fs; jPh;khdpj;Js;sdh;/@ 30/ of;nghh;d; ?vjph;? tpah;. (1892) 67 vy;/o/ 735 vd;w tHf;fpy;. fhytiuaiwapd; tpistpidf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;lhy;. mJ xU eghpd; chpikia kw;bwhUtUf;F chpikkhw;wk; bra;tnjhld;wp. mt;t[hpik mw;Wg;ngha;. mHpe;JtpLfpwJ vdf; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ chpikK:yj;ij khw;Wk; Kiw Fwpj;J rl;lj;jpy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;glhjjhy;. rl;lk; mjid tH';fhJ/ Mdhy;. mnj rkaj;jpy; Ke;ija rl;lg;goahd chpikahshpd; chpik mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;ljhy; kl;Lnk @rl;lj;jpd;go mtuJ chpikK:yk; bgwg;gl;Ls;snj@ md;wp. VJk; rl;lg;goahd brhj;Jhpik khw;wj;jpdhy; my;y vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ nkw;go tHf;fpy;. Kd;djhf ghf;!;lh; vd;gtuhy; itj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gl;oUe;j Fj;jifia $puhl; vd;gtUf;F khw;wpf;bfhLg;gJ Fwpj;j gpur;rpid vGe;jJ.,tUf;F Fj;jifia neh;ikahdKiwapy; xg;gilj;jpUe;j ghf;!;lUf;F VJk; bjhptpf;fhky; epyj;jpd; cilikapy; 20 Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf,Ue;Jte;jhh;/ rl;lk; $puhl;Lf;F Fj;jifia khw;wptpl;lhy;. mth; epyf;fpHhhpd; Fj;jifjhuuhf MfptpLfpwhuh> vd;Dk; gpur;rpid vGe;jJ/ mr;N:H;epiyapy; nkw;brhd;d fUj;Jiufs; btspaplg;gl;Ls;sd/ rl;lg;go chpika[s;s egh;. vtUf;F vjpuhf vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf ePlDnghf chpika[k;. chpikK:yj;ija[k; bgw;whnuh mijj;jtpu mjw;Fnky; ntW vjida[k; mth; bgwkhl;lhh; vd;gjd; kPJ. milag;bgw;Ws;s vJt[k; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Fj;jif. chpikfs; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtjhnyna khw;wg;gLfpwnjad;wp. rl;lg;goay;y/ kw;w egh; chpikapd; gyid mDgtpf;fpd;whh;/,t;thwhf,j;jPh;Kot[. nkny tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy;ntW jPh;Kot[fSf;F khwhfr; bry;yhky;. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf mspf;fg;gLk; chpikK:yj;jpd; jd;ik Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fpwJ/ 31/ mjw;Fkhwhf gzpe;Jiuf;f. bla;yh; ?vjph;? otpd;bgnuh. (1930) 2 nf/gp/16?,d; jPh;Kot[k; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mt;tHf;fpy;. Fj;jifjhuh; kw;Wk; cs;?Fj;jifjhuUf;Fkpilnaahd gpur;rpidna tHf;F tptukhFk;/ murh;fs; Mak;. 1833?Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 7?,d; fPH; 12 Mz;Lfs; vjph;epiy cilik Koe;jjd; tpistpidg; ghprPypj;J.,J chpikK:yj;ij mspj;jhYk;. mjd;tpist[ vd;gJ cilikapYs;s cs;?Fj;jifjhuUf;F vjpuhf. Kd;dhs; Fj;jifjhuh;. epyf;fpHhuhff; nfhUk; mjpfhuj;ijna vjph;kiwahf;FfpwJ vdf; fUj;Jiuj;J/,J khdpa epyk; bgw;wthpd; chpikia mHpf;fhJ vd;whYk;. bla;yhpd; Fj;jifa[hpik. khdpa epyk; bgw;wtuhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLbkdpy;. mth; cs;?Fj;jifjhuiu btspnaw;wKoa[k;/,t;thwhf. bla;yhpd; chpik jfh;f;fg;gLfpwnjad;wp. chpikahsuhd khdpa epyk; bgw;wtuJ chpikia my;y. nkYk;. bla;yUf;F Fj;jifa[hpikapd;nghpy; epyk; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ/,f;fUj;J,e;jpahtpy; ghpghydk; bra;ag;gLk; vjph;epiy cilik rl;lj;jpw;fpz';f cs;sJ vd;gJ v';fSila fUj;jhFk;/ mog;gilf; nfhl;ghL ahbjdpy;. egh; xUth; tuk;g[il chpik bfhz;oUg;ghuhapd;. mtUf;F vjpuhf xU egh;. mw;Wg;nghfpd;w me;j tuk;g[il chpikiana ePlDnghfkhf bgwKoa[nkad;wp. mjw;F nky; my;y vd;gjhFk;/ tuk;g[il chpikahshpd; mw;wg;ngha;tpLfpd;w chpikK:yk;. mjw;F khwhd my;yJ ntnwnjDk; chpikK:yk; bfhz;oUe;jhy;. me;j tuk;g[il chpikahsUf;F vjpuhd vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j tpist[ Fwpj;J,r;rl;l mWjpa[iuia tFj;Jiuf;Fk; bjhFg;g[ jPh;Kot[fs; cs;sd/,t;thW. (nkw;go) bla;yh; ?vjph;? otpd;bgnuh?,d; jPh;Kot[. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhd chpikK:yj;ij vjph;kiwahf;fhky;. mjid cWjpna bra;fpwJ/ 32/ Xh; chpikK::yk; tH';Ftjpy;. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; bray;ghL. vjph;kiwahfnt cs;sJ;,J cilikapHe;j chpikahshpd; chpikiaa[k;. chpikK:yj;ija[k; ePf;fp. cilik vd;w braypd; K:yk; ifa[ilikahsiu chpikK:yj;ij milar;bra;J. mtiu btspnaw;w kw;wth;fSf;Fs;s chpikiaf; Fiwg;gjd;nghpy; mikfpwJ/ bghp ?vjph;? fpspn!hy;L. (1907) V/rp/ 73 vd;w tHf;F. (nkw;go) ehah; rh;tP!; brhirl;o ypkpbll; ?vjph;? nf/rp/ mbyf;rhz;lh; vd;w tHf;fpy; Fwpg;gPL bra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhy;. chpikahsh; vd;W fUjg;gLk; jd;ikapypUe;Jbfhz;L. cilika[hpikf;Fhpa rhjhuz chpikfis mikjpahd Kiwapy; bray;gLj;jpf;bfhz;L. epyj;jpd; cilikapYs;s xU egh;. rl;lg;go chpikbfhz;l Xh; chpikahsiuj; jtpu ntbwtUnk FWf;fplhj KGepiwthd ey;ynjhh; chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;wpUf;fpwhh; vd;gij kWj;Jiuf;f,ayhJ/ nkYk;. rl;lg;go chpikbfhz;l chpikahsh;. tHf;Ff;Fg; bghUe;jj;jf;f fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; tifKiwfspd;go tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;lKiwg;go mtuJ chpikK:yj;ij cWjpbra;Jbfhs;s Kd;tutpy;iybad;why;. mtuJ chpik vf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLfpwJ kw;Wk; cilikbfhz;l chpikahsh; KGikahd chpikK:yj;ij mile;JtpLfpwhh; vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/,uhk; lhd; (,we;Jtpl;lhh;) rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjpfs; K:ykhf ?vjph;? mh;gd;,k;g;U:t;bkd;l; ou!;l;. (2014) 8 v!;/rp/rp/ 902?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;Js;sjhtJ: @11/ bghp ?vjph;? fpspn!hy;L. 1907 V/rp/ 73 (gp/rp/) (V/rp/ g/79)?,y;,';fpyhe;J murg; nguitf; FGthy; rl;lj;jpd; mWjpepiy tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ @chpikahsh; vd;W fUjg;gLk; jd;ikapypUe;Jbfhz;L. cilika[hpikf;Fhpa rhjhuz chpikfis mikjpahd Kiwapy; bray;gLj;jpf;bfhz;L epyj;jpd; cilikapYs;s xU egh;. rl;lg;go chpikbfhz;l Xh; chpikahsiuj; jtpu ntbwtUnk FWf;fplhj KGepiwthd ey;ynjhh; chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;wpUf;fpwhh; vd;gij kWj;Jiuf;f,ayhJ/ nkYk;. rl;lg;go chpikbfhz;l chpikahsh;. tHf;Ff;Fg; bghUe;jj;jf;f fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; tifKiwfspd;go tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;lKiwg;go mtuJ chpikK:yj;ij cWjpbra;Jbfhs;s Kd;tutpy;iy vd;why;. mtuJ chpik vf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; mw;Wg;ngha;? tpLfpwJ kw;Wk; cilikbfhz;l chpikahsh; KGikahd chpikK:yj;ij mile;JtpLfpwhh;/@ nkw;go Tw;W. ehah; rh;tP!; brhirl;o ypkpbll; ?vjph;? nf/rp/ mbyf;rhz;lh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1968 v!;/rp/ 1165?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; xg;gspg;g[ld; nkw;nfhs;fhl;lg;gl;lJ/ khz;g[kpF ePjpaurh;fs; gj;jp 22?,y; typa[Wj;jpf; Twpa[s;sjhtJ: (V/I/Mh;/ g/1175) @22/ ePjpaf; FGtpd; tHf;Ffs; v';fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgitay;y vd;whYk;. eh';fs; bghp ?vjph;? fpspn!hy;L. 1907 V/rp/ 73 (gp/rp/)?,d; fUj;Jiuia m';fPfhpf;fpnwhk;/@@ 33/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;gJ xU vjph;kiwahd fUj;JU MFk;/,jpy; cilik. Fj;jifjhuUf;F vjpuhf vLf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ. mjd; bray;ghL. cilikapYs;s Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd mtuJ chpikiaj; jilbra;tnjahFk; vd;W thJiuf;f `ngh;btjh; ?vjph;? brapd;l bkhpnynghd; g[uhbgh;o fk;bgdp ypkpbll; (1962) 2 v/,/Mh;/ 288 (bcwr;/vy;/) vd;w tHf;fpd; jPh;Kot[k; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ nkny Vw;bfdnt tpthjpf;fg;gl;lthW.,J Fj;jifjhuuhy; bgw;wpUf;ff;Toa tuk;g[il chpik Fwpj;j tHf;fhFk;. nkYk;. Fj;jifjhuUf;F vjpuhft[k;. khdpa epyk; bgw;Wf;bfhz;ltUf;F vjpuhf my;yhkYk;. ePlDnghf chpikbfhz;l cs;?Fj;jifjhuuhf mtiu mkur;bra;j Fj;jifjhuUf;F vjpuhf cs;?Fj;jifjhuh; jdJ chpikia kl;Lk; KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhs;sKoa[k;.,j;jPh;Kot[. tpthjpf;fg;gl;l kw;w jPh;Kot[ vjw;Fk; vjpuhdjy;y. nkYk; thjp mj;jifabjhU thjj;ij vLf;fKoahJ vd;W thJiuf;fnth. chpik VJk; vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf mspf;fg;glhJ vdj; jPh;khdpf;fnth. mJ vt;tpj cjtpa[k; g[hpahJ/,J vjph;kiwahd chpikahf,Ue;jhYk;. KGikahd xd;whFk;/ mw;Wg;ngha;tpLjy; vd;gJ chpikbfhs;gthpd; chpikahf,Ue;jhy;.,J chpikahsh; vd;w chpikK:yj;ij mspf;fpwJ/ 34/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjj;ij vGg;g[k; thjpapd; chpik. cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gy;ntW jPh;Kot[fspYk; m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ negd; ghyh blgp ?vjph;? rpo fhe;jh ghdh;$p. (1910) 8,e;j; fh!; 41 (o/gp/) (fy;). epfhnrgk;,nghjhk;gp rp'; ?vjph;? thcwd;ghk;,nghcwy; rp'; kw;Wk; xUth;. V/I/Mh;/ 1960 kzpg;g{h; 16. mg[gf;fh;. j-bg/ c&fp Kfkj;; yhY ?vjph;? rhcwpg;fhl;L:d;. V/I/Mh;/ 1949 rpe;j; 12. ghlh fpwp!;lh gpukhzpf; ?vjph;? c&pbga;l;!; M`g; jhTh; n$hnfe;jpu ehj; bka;jp kw;Wk; gyh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1919 fy;fj;jh 339.,uhk; re;jpu rpy; kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;?,ukz;kzp jhrp kw;Wk; gyh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1917 fy;fj;jh 469. rpnuhkzp FUj;thuh gh;ge;jf; fkpl;o. nfhrnfhl;yh kw;Wk; xUth; ?vjph;? gpnuk; jh!; kw;Wk; gyh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1933 yhTh; 25. u';fg;g ehaf;fh; ?vjph;?,u';fRthkp ehaf;fh;. V/I/Mh;/ 1925 bkl;uh!; 1005; nc&f; mypKjPd; ?vjph;? nc&f; ryPk;. 1928 I/rp/ 81 (gp/rp/) Mfpa tHf;Ffspy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW. thJiuapy; bjhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s r';fjpfspd;nghpYk; gpujpthjp Mr;rh;ag;gLk;tifapy; mij vLf;fhjjd; nghpYk; mj;jifabjhU tHf;F vHyhk; vd;gjhFk;/ 35/ gd;dhyhy; gfpuj; khh;tho ?vjph;? ga;ahyhy; gpe;jugd; gh;njc&p bjsp. V/I/Mh;/ 1937 ehf;g{h; 281 vd;w tHf;fpy;.,U Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fSf;fpilna. kw;bwhU Mf;fpukpg;ghsuhy; jtwhf cilik ePf;fk; bra;ag;gLk; xUth;. cilikia kPl;f tHf;Fj; bjhluyhk;/ fpUc&;zh uhk; kcwhny (,we;jth;) rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjpfs; K:ykhf ?vjph;? nc&hgh bt';fl; uht;. (1989) 4 v!;/rp/rp/ 131. c/gp/ khepy muR ?vjph;? kfhuh$h jh;nke;jh; gpurhj; rp';. (1989) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 505 vd;w tHf;Ffspy; fUj;jwptpf;fg;gl;lthW. cilikapYs;s xU egh; chpa rl;lKiwg;goay;yhJ cilik ePf;fk; bra;ag;gltpayhJ. nkYk; cilikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mth; cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;fhf tHf;Fj; bjhluyhk;/ 36/ uhjhkzp njgp ?vjph;? fbyf;lh; M`g; Fy;dh kw;Wk; gyh;. (1900) I/vy;/Mh;/ 27 fy;fj;jh 943 vd;w tHf;fpy;. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf cilikrhh; chpikK:yj;ij epWt[tjw;F. cilikapy; 12 Mz;L fhyk; btspg;gilahft[k;. bjhlh;r;rpahft[k; mt;tst[ fhyk; nghJkhd mstpy;,Ue;J te;jijf; fhz;gpj;J bka;g;gpf;fntz;Lk; vd;W fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/ 37/ nrhk;ehj; gh;kd; ?vjph;? v!;/gp/ uh$^. (1969) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 129?,y; mj;jifa chpikK:y tpsk;g[iff;fht[k;. cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;fhft[k; thjpf;Fs;s chpikia ePjpkd;wk; m';fPfhpj;jJ/ chpikK:yKk;. chpika[k; K:d;whk; eghplk; cs;sd vd;w fhuzj;jpd;nghpy; jtWbra;jth; chpik tHf;if vjph;f;f,ayhJ vd;gjw;F Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lg;gphpt[ 9 vt;tHpapYk; Kuz;gltpy;iy/ tHf;FiuapYs;s vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjj;ij vLj;J chpikahsh;fisa[k;. kw;wth;fisa[k; vjph;j;J thjpf;F tHf;F bjhlUk; chpik,Uf;fpwJ/ 38/ ncwkh$p tfh$p $j; ?vjph;? gpfhgha; ncw';fh;gha; cwhp$d; kw;Wk; gyh;. (2009) 16 v!;/rp/rp/ 517?,y;. o/ m";rdg;gh ?vjph;? nrhkyp';fg;gh. (2006) 7 v!;/rp/rp/ 570?I rhh;t[w;W. chpikK:yk;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapyhdjhf,Uf;fyhk; vdf; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/ ePjpkd;wk;,t;thwhf fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ: @23/,e;ePjpkd;wk;. o/ m";rdg;gh ?vjph;? nrhkyp';fg;gh. 2006 (7) v!;/rp/rp/ 570?,y; vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gil jj;Jtj;ij Muha[k; tha;g;gpidg; bgw;wpUe;jJ/ jdJ chpikK:yj;ij vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; mikf;Fk; egh; xUth;. mtuJ chpikK:yk; cz;ikahd chpikahsUf;F vjpuhdJ vd;gija[k;. nfhug;gLk; brhj;jpy; mtuJ chpikK:yj;ij kWg;gjw;Fr; rkkhdJ vd;gija[k; bjspthd kw;Wk; Iaj;Jf;fple;juhj rhd;wpd; K:yk; fhz;gpf;fntz;Lbkd ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;jJ/ ePjpkd;wk; nkYk; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;fk; 577. gj;jp 20) @20/ ///vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf chpikK:yj;ijg; bgWtjw;fhd mog;gilj; njitfs; ahbjdpy;. cz;ikahd chpikahshpd; chpikK:yj;ij kWf;Fk; mj;jifa cilik. mikjpahdjhft[k;. btspg;gilahdjhft[k;. bjhlh;r;rpahdjhft[k;,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ cilik btspg;gilahdjhft[k;. brhj;jpy; chpikbfhz;l jug;gpdh;fs; vjph;epiy cilikapypUg;gij nghJkhd mst[f;F mwpe;jpUf;Fk; jpwd;bgw;wpUe;jhYk;. Ke;ijath;fspd; vjph;epiyahd eltof;ifia cz;ikahd chpikahsUf;F cs;sgoahfj; bjhptpf;Fk; vjph;epiy cilikahshpd; rhd;whf mJ,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpakd;W/@@ mnjrkaj;jpy;. vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j rl;lk; fLikahdjhf,Uf;fpwJ. nkYk; vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j rl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; bra;tijf; Fwpj;J rl;lkd;wk; ghprPypf;fyhk;/ 39/ nkw;Twpa tpthjj;jpd; Jizbfhz;L.,U ePjpaurh; mkh;thy; jPh;t[bra;ag;gl;l FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj; tpy;ny$;. rph;jyh kw;Wk; xUth;. (2014) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 669?,d; jPh;Kotpid eh';fs; ghprPypf;Fk;nghJ. mjpy; thjp. tHf;F epyj;jpy; vjph;epiy cilikapYs;shuh> vd;Dk; xU nfs;tp vGe;jJ.,e;ePjpkd;wk;. FUj;thuh rhcwpg; rd;dt[yp ?vjph;? g";rhg; khepy muR. (2009) 154 gp/vy;/Mh;/ 756?,y; g";rhg; kw;Wk; cwhpahdh cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Kotpidf; Fwpg;gpl;L. fPHik ePjpkd;w';fspd; jPh;g;g[fs; rhpahdit. nkYk; FiwnaJkpy;yhjit vd;w mst[f;F *g{ry; VJk;*,Uf;fKoahJ vdf; fUj;Jiuj;jJ/ thjp. vjph;epiy cilikapypUg;gjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;lhy;. me;j vjph;epiy cilik. chpikahsh; chpikahff; fdpe;Jtpl;lJ vd;gjhd xU tpsk;g[ifiaf; nfhuKoahJ/,e;j tpthjk; 8?MtJ gj;jpf;F kl;Lk; chpajhFk;/ mJ fPnH vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: @4/ Kjy; vGtpdhitg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; 13/4/1952 Kjy; tHf;Fr; brhj;jpy; vjph;epiy cilikapypUe;Jte;jhh; vd;w,r;r';fjp nky;Kiw? aPl;lhsuhy; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l ngbuz;zpf;ifapyhd Mtzr;rhd;wpd; K:yk; bka;g;gpf;fg;gl;oUe;jjhy;. mf;fhz;Kot[fSf;nf jpUk;gte;J thjpapd; rhh;ghf Kot[ fhzg;gl;lJ/ vdpDk;.,uz;lhtJ vGtpdhitj; jPh;t[bra;ifapy;. vjph;epiy cilikia xU ftrkhfg; gad;gLj;jntz;Lnkad;wp. xU thshf my;y vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; vjph;epiy cilik vd;w mog;gilapy; tpsk;g[if VJk; nfhu,ayhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jj; bjhptpj;jJ/ fw;wwpe;j chpikapay; ePjpgjp. FUj;thuh rhfpg; rd;dt[yp ?vjph;? g";rhg; khepy muR. (2009) 154 gp/vy;/Mh;/ 756?,y; g";rhg; kw;Wk; cwhpahdh cah; ePjpkd;wj; jPh;g;g[iuapd;kPJ rhh;t[w;W. thjpf;F vjpuhf vGtpdhitj; jPh;t[bra;jhh;/,t;thwhf 3?Mk; vGtpdht[k; mnj gh';fpy; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F vjpuhf jPh;t[ bra;ag;gl;lJ/ 8/ tHf;F eltof;iffs; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F vjpuhf jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;L. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; gpujpthjpahf thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; kl;Lnk. mJ,e;j vjph;epiy cilikia xU ftrkhf-vjph;thjkhfg; gad;gLj;jKoa[k;/@ thjp. vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjj;ij vLf;fyhkh> vd;w TW. nkw;Twpa jPh;KotpYk;.,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ghprPyidf;fhf itf;fg;gl;l ePjpah; nguhak; cl;gl ngbuz;zpf;ifapyhd nkw;Twpa jPh;Kot[fs; vjpYk; vjph;f;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ bjspt[/ mf;TW vjph;j;Jiuf;fg;glhjjhy;. rl;l mWjpa[iuapd; mog;gilapyhd jPh;g;g[iua[k; vjph;j;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy/ mjw;F fhuznkJk; mspf;fhky;. fUj;Jiu kl;Lk; xnu thpapy; gjpt[bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjhFk;/ 40/ (nkw;fz;l) FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj; tpy;ny$;. rph;jyh vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Kot[. cj;jufhz;l; khepy muR ?vjph;? ke;jph; _ yc&;kz; rpj; kfhuh$;. (2017) 9 v!;/rp/rp/ 579?,y; rhh;t[wg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gpLtjw;FhpajhFk;/ mt;tHf;fpy; vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk; vLf;fg;glt[kpy;iy. vGtpdh vJt[k; tidag;glt[kpy;iy vd;wtifapy;. vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j thJiu. vGtpdh kw;Wk; rhd;W vJt[kpy;yhjepiyapy;. chpik tHf;F mjd; mog;gilapy; jPh;g;ghizapl;oUf;fg;glf;TlhJ/ nkw;Twpatw;iwf; TWtnjhL. thjp. vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j thjj;ij vLj;jpUf;fntz;Lkh> vd;w tpdht[f;Fs; bry;yntz;oajpy;iy/ MapDk;. tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; kPjhd chpikahz;ik chpikfspd; tpsk;g[if. vjph;epiy cilik vd;gjd; mog;gilapy; thjpf;F tH';fpapUf;fntz;Lk; vd;gij fPHik ePjpkd;wk; Ma;e;jpUf;fntz;Lk; vd;w mk;rj;ij tpthjpf;fhky;. ed;F MuhahJ fUj;Jiuj;Js;sJ/ (ghh;f;f: FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj;. rph;jyh) ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @24/ fw;gidf;F xUrpwpJk;,l';bfhlhj v';fspd; fUj;Jg;go. thjp. tHf;Fr; brhj;jpy; @vjph;epiy cilik@ vd;gjd; mog;gilapy; chpikK:yk; nfhutpy;iybad;whY';Tl. tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; kPJ chpikahz;ik vd;w mj;jifabjhU tpsk;g[ifa[k;. fpzw;Wf;fhd trjpa[hpika[k; tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tH';fg;glKoa[k;/ epyj;jpd;kPJ vjph;epiy cilikia bka;g;gpf;ft[k;. fpzw;Wf;fhd trjpa[hpik VJk; tH';Ftjw;fhft[k; thJiufnsh vGtpdhnth Fiwe;jgl;rk; rhd;W vJt[nkh,y;iy/ tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; kPjhd chpikahz;ik chpikfs; Fwpj;j tpsk;g[if vJt[k;. @vjph;epiy cilik@ vd;gjd; mog;gilapy; thjpf;F tH';fg;gltpy;iy vd;gijf; fPHik ePjpkd;w';fs; Ma;e;jpUf;fntz;Lk;/ (fhz;f: FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj; tpy;ny$;. rph;jyh. (2014) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 669)/ tHf;Fiuapy; thjpahy; nfhug;gLk; ghpfhuj;ij kl;Lnk ePjpkd;w';fs; tH';fKoa[k;. nkYk;. me;jg; ghpfhuKk; thJiufspd;nghpy;jhd; tH';fKoa[nkad;wp. mjw;fg;ghy; my;y vd;gija[k; fPHik ePjpkd;w';fs; Ma;e;jpUf;fntz;Lk;/ mjhtJ. ePjpkd;w';fs; ve;jg; ghpfhuj;ij tH';Ftjw;Fk; thJiufSf;F mg;ghy; gazpf;fntz;oajpy;iy/,f;nfhl;ghL. thjpf;F vjpuhd,t;tHf;fpd; r';fjpfSf;F Kw;wpYk; bghUe;JfpwJ/@ 41/ kPz;Lk;. juk;ghy; (,we;jth;) rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjpfs; K:ykhf ?vjph;? g";rhg; tf;g[ thhpak;. (2018) 11 v!;/rp/rp/ 449?,y;. gpujpthjpahyhd vjph;f;nfhhpf;ifapYs;s Tw;Wfs;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; Muk;gg;g[s;sp Fwpj;J Twhjjhy; vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j thjj;ij epWttpy;iy vd;Wk;. tf;g[ thhpak;. 1971?Mk; Mz;oy; chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;Js;sJ/ mnjrkaj;jpy;. thjp vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j thjj;ij vLf;f,aYkh> vd;w mk;rj;jpd;nghpy; tpthjk; VJk; bra;ahjtifapy; vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhs;Sjy; vd;gJk; vHtpy;iy/ vjph;f;nfhhpf;ifapy; gpujpthjp vjph;epiy cilik Fwpj;j,t;thjj;ij vGg;gtpayhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;jJ/ mnjrkaj;jpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk;. (nkw;fz;l) FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj; tpy;ny$;. rph;jyh?,d; jPh;Kot[f;F,J fl;Lg;gl;lJ vdf; fUj;Jiuf;f mjd;kPJ rhh;e;Jepd;wJ. nkYk; mjpYs;s thjf;TW vjph;f;nfhhpf;iff;Fk; bghUj;jg;gl;lJ/ ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @28/ Kjyhtjhf. FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj; tpy;ny$;. rph;jyh. 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Mdhy;. thjpapd; nfhhpf;iff;F gjpyspf;Fk; tpjkhf gpujpthjpahy; mtuJ vjph; tHf;Fiuapy; vjph;thjk; thapyhf mt;thjj;ij vGg;gKoa[k; vd,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sjhf eh';fs; mwpfpnwhk;/ eh';fs;,f;fUj;Jf;F fl;Lg;gLfpnwhk;/ 34/ ifapYs;s tHf;fpd; r';fjpfSf;F nkw;Twg;gl;l rl;lf; nfhl;ghl;ilg; bghUj;jpg;ghh;f;ifapy;. gpd;tUk; fhuz';fSf;fhf 1?Mk; gpujpthjpapd;,t;thjj;jpy; Kw;wpYk; ew;TW VJkpy;iy vd mwpfpnwhk;: 34/1/ Kjyhtjhf. 1?Mk; gpujpthjp. mtuJ je;ijahh; K:ykhf 1953?Mk; Mz;L Kjy; tHf;F epyj;jpd; cilikapypUe;jhh; vd;W kl;Lnk tHf;Fiuapy; (vjph;f;nfhhpf;ifapy;) Twg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mj;jifa Tw;Wfs;. v';fSila fUj;Jg;go. nkny Fwpg;gplg;gl;l,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; Jizbfhz;L @vjph;epiy cilik@ vd;w thjj;ij mikf;fhJ/ 34/2/,uz;lhtjhf. ve;j ehspypUe;J 1?Mk; gpujpthjpapd; cilik thjpf;F (tf;g[ thhpak;) vjph;epiyahdJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J thJiuf;fg;gltpy;iy/ 34/3/ K:d;whtjhf. vg;nghJ mtuJ vjph;epiy cilik KGikaile;J mtUf;F Mjuthf KG chpikahz;ikahf fdpe;jJ vd;Wk; thJiuf;fg;gl? tpy;iy/ 34/4/ ehd;fhtjhf. thjp (tf;g[ thhpak;). tHf;F epyk; bjhlh;ghf 1?Mk; gpujpthjpapd; je;ijf;F vjpuhf 1971?Mk; Mz;oy; Xh; chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;jpUe;jhh; vd;Wk; rhjhuz fhuzj;jpw;fhf mt;thW,Ue;JtplKoahJ/ Mfnt. 1971?Mk; Mz;Ltiuapy;. thjpia (tf;g[ thhpak;) bghWj;jtiuapy; @vjph;epiy cilik@ thapyhf 1?Mk; gpujpthjp. mtuJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhs;Sjy; vd;w gpur;rpid vHtpy;iy/ gpd;dh;. thjp 1991?Mk; Mz;oy; jw;nghija chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;jhh;. Mfnt. thjpiag; bghWj;jtiuapy; 1991?Mk; Mz;L tiuapy; chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhs;Sjy; vd;w gpur;rpid kPz;Lk; vHtpy;iy/@ 42/ (nkw;fz;l) cj;jufhz;l; khepy muR ?vjph;? ke;jph; _ yc&;kp rpj; kfhuh$; kw;Wk; (nkw;fz;l) juk;ghy; (,we;jth;) rl;lg;goahd gpujpepjpfs; K:ykhf ?vjph;? g";rhg; tf;g[ thhpak; vd;Dk; tHf;Ffspy;. thjp gpe;ija epiyapy; vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjj;ij vLf;fKoa[kh> vd;w mk;rj;jpd;nghpy; tpthjk; VJkpy;iy/ mWjpa[iu vjph;f;fg;gl;ljhft[k; bjhpatpy;iy. nkYk; Ke;ija fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jPh;Kot[fSk;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ghprPyidf;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gltpy;iy/,t;tpdh Fwpj;j jdpg;gl;l ghprPyid VJkpy;yhjjhy;. eh';fs;. (nkw;fz;l) FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj; tpy;ny$;?,d; jPh;Koit Kjd;ikahf Muhantz;Lk;/ 43/ (nkw;fz;l) FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj;. rph;jyh?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Fwpg;gPL bra;ag;gl;Ls;s (nkw;fz;l) FUj;thuh rhfpg; rd;dt[yp?,y; g";rhg; kw;Wk; cwhpahdh cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; mspf;fg;gl;l jPh;Koit eh';fs; ghprPypf;Fk;nghJ. nkw;go jPh;Kotpy; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; bra;ag;gl;l tpthjk; gpd;tUkhW: @10/ ehd; jug;gpdh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"hpd; thjj;ijf; nfl;lwpe;J. nky;KiwaPl;L Mtzj;ij Ez;zha;t[ bra;jpUf;fpnwd;/ vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"uhy; vGg;gg;gl;l thJiufspy; typikapUg;gjhf ehd; mwpfpnwd;/ grh$; ehfh; ?vjph;? ePypkh kz;ly; kw;Wk; xUth;. n$/o/ 2008 (13) v!;/rp/ 255?,y;. thjk; bra;ahky; jtph;j;jnyh my;yJ vGg;gg;gl;oUf;ftpy;iybad;whnyh. mJ Kiwahd,uz;lhk; nky;KiwaPlhf vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;glKoahbjd khz;g[kpF cr;r ePjpkd;wk; mjpfhug;g{h;tkhf tFj;Jiuj;Js;sJ/ gPk; rp'; kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;? i$y; rp'; kw;Wk; gyh;. (2006)

3 Mh;/rp/Mh;/ rptpy; 97?,y;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; chpikahz;ik Fwpj;J thjpahy; tpsk;g[if VJk; nfhuKoahJ vd;wtifapy; thjpia vjph;f;f gpujpthjpf;Fj;jhd; mt;thjk; bra;a[k; tha;g;g[ fpilf;fpwJ vd,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ vd;gJ,';F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;/ mnjnghy; 17/3/2009 md;W jPh;t[ bra;ag;gl;l cwhpahdh khepy muR ?vjph;? Knfc&; Fkhh; kw;Wk; gyh;. (2009) 154 gp/vy;/Mh;/ 753 vd jiyg;gplg;gl;l K/,/nk/ vz; 3909-2008?,y; (nkw;fz;l) gPk; rp'; tHf;fpy; nkw;Twpathwhd mnj fUj;ij,e;ePjpkd;wKk; vLj;Js;sJ/@,';F jdpg;gl;l ghprPyid VJkpy;iy/ vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; thjpahy; tpsk;g[if VJk; nfhu,ayhJ vdj; jPh;khdpf;f. gPk; rp'; kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;? i$y; rp'; kw;Wk; gyh;. V/I/Mh;/ 2006 g";rhg; kw;Wk; cwhpahdh 195?,y;,nj cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Kotpidiana rhh;t[wg;gl;Ls;sJ/ 44/ (nkw;fz;l) gPk; rp'; kw;Wk; gyh;?,y;. thjpfs;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; chpikahz;ik nfhhp tpsk;g[iff;fhft[k;. cWj;Jf;fl;lisf;fhft[k; chpik tHf;F xd;iwj; jhf;fy; bra;jpUe;jdh;/ thjpfs; cilikapypy;iy vd gpujpthjpfs; thjpl;ldh;/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; cwhpahdh cah; ePjpkd;wk; (nkw;fz;l) gPk; rp'; kw;Wk; gyh; ?vjph;? i$y; rp';?,y; fhuz';fs; Twp fUj;Jiuj;Js;sjhtJ: @11/ fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. tFKiwf;TW 64?,d; fPH;. thjpahyhd mirahr; brhj;jpd; cilikiag; bghWj;J. mth; brhj;jpd; cilikapypUf;ifapy;. me;j cilikapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;L. mt;t[hpik tHf;F. chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapyy;yhJ. Ke;ija cilikapd; mog;gilapyhdJ vd;why;. cilik ePf;f ehspypUe;J

12 Mz;LfSf;Fs; chpikK:yj;ijf; nfhhp xU eguhy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;aKoa[k;/ mirahr; brhj;jpd; cilikf;fhft[k;. chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mjpYs;s ghj;jpaij vjw;Fkhd Xh; chpik tHf;F.

12 Mz;LfSf;Fs; chpikK:yk; nfhhp xU eguhy; fhytiuaiw tFKiwf;TW 65?,d; fPH; jhf;fy; bra;aKoa[k;/ gpujpthjpapd; cilik. thjpf;F vjph;epiyahFk;nghJ me;j ehspypUe;J,e;j tFKiwf;Twpd; fPH; fhytiuaiw bjhl';FfpwJ/,r;N:H;epiyfspy;. egh; xUtuhy;. mtuJ chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapy; cilikf;fhf jhf;fy; bra;ag;gLk; Xh; chpik tHf;if vjph;j;Jiuf;f. cz;ikahd chpikahsUf;Fj; bjhpe;nj. vjph;epiyahft[k;. bjhlh;e;Jk;. btspg;gilahft[k; cilikapypUe;J tUk; gpujpthjp. 12 Mz;L fhykhf cilikapypUe;J tUthuhdhy;. me;j eguhy; vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk; vLf;fg;glKoa[k; vd;gJ btspg;gil/ Mjyhy;. vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk; gpujpthjpf;F kl;Lnk tha;f;ff;Toa Xh; vjph;thjkhFk; vd;gJ,ay;ghfnt Kot[ bra;ag;glntz;Lk;/ vd;Dila,e;j Kot[f;F tFKiwf;TW 65?,y; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s bkhHpeil nkYk; typik nrh;f;fpwJ/ mjpy; fyk; 3?,y;. Fwpg;ghff; Twg;gl;Ls;sjhtJ: @vg;nghJ gpujpthjpapd; cilik thjpf;F vjph;epiyahfpwJ@/,t;thW.,t;thjk;. thjpf;F vjpuhf gpujpthjpf;F kl;Lnk tha;f;ff;ToajhFk; vd;W nkw;Twpa tFKiwf;TW 65?,d; Ez;zha;t[ fhz;gpf;fpwJ/,r;N:H;epiyfspy;. mj;jifa vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk;. gpujpthjpf;F kl;Lnk tha;f;ff;Toajhf,Uf;fpwnghJ. vjph;epiy cilik vd;gjd; mog;gilapy; thjpahy; mtuJ chpikahz;ik Fwpj;j tpsk;g[if VJk; nfhuKoahJ vd;w,ay;ghd Kont fz;og;ghf tUk;/ 12/ gpnuk; ehj; tjthd; ?vjph;?,e;jh; uha; tjthd;. 1993 (3) 105 gp/vy;/Mh;/ (bly;yp gphpt[) 70 vd;w bly;yp cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iu vdf;F Mjutspf;fpwJ/ 13/ (nkw;fz;l) gpnuk; ehj; tjthd; tHf;fpy; Twg;gl;l gpd;tUk; fUj;Jiufisf; fhzyhk;: @ehd;. jug;gpdh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"uhy; itf;fg;gl;l gzpe;JiufSf;F vd;Dila MH;e;jhuha;e;j ghprPyidia bra;J. Mtz';fisa[k; Ez;zha;t[ bra;Js;nsd;/ thjp. vjph;epiy cilikapd; fhuzkhf tHf;Fr; brhj;jpd; KG chpikahsuhfptpl;lhh; vd;w thjpf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"hpd; thjj;jpy; ew;TW VJk; ehd; fhztpy;iy. Vbdd;why;. vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk;. cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhd chpik tHf;fpd; vjph;thjj;jpy;jhd; vGg;gg;glKoa[k;. Mdhy;. thjp KG chpikahsuhfptpl;lhh; vd;w tpsk;g[iff;fhd ghpfhuk;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; tH';fg;gl KoahJ/@ tFKiwf;TW 65?,d;go. vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk;. gpujpthjpf;F tha;f;ff;Toa vjph;thjkhFk; vd;gjd; mog;gilapy; g";rhg; kw;Wk; cwhpahdh cah; ePjpkd;wk; nky;elj;jpaJ/ 45/ rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TW,jd;fPH; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: brhj;J tptuk; tiuaiw fhyk; tiuaiwf; fhyk; vg;nghjpypUe;J bjhl';FfpwJ 65/ chpik K:yj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mirahr; brhj;jpd; cilikf;Fk; my;yJ mjpYs;s ghj;jpaij vjw;Fk; tpsf;fk; ?,e;j tFKiwf;Twpd; nehf;f';fSf;fhf ? (gd;dpbuz;L Mz;Lfs;) gpujpthjpapd; cilik thjpf;F vjph;epiy MfpwnghJ m) v";Rhpikahsh;. gpd;dilt[hpikah; (chpikahsh; my;yhjth;) my;yJ capy;tHp chpik bgWgth; Mfpnahuhy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;gLkplj;J. v";Rhpikahsh;. gpd;dilt[hpikah; my;yJ capy;tHp chpikbgWgth; Mfpnahhpd; brhj;J neh;t[f;nfw;g cilikf;Fs; tUfpwnghJjhd; gpujpthjpapd; cilik vjph;epiyahfptpl;ljhff; fUjg;gLjy; ntz;Lk;/ M) Xh;,e;J my;yJ K!;yPk; bgz;zpd;,wg;gpd;nghpy; mirahr; brhj;jpd; cilikf;Fhpikahd Xh;,e;J my;yJ K!;yPk; bgz; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;a[kplj;J. mg;bgz;,wf;fpwnghJjhd; gpujpthjpapd; cilik vjph;epiyahfptpl;ljhff; fUjg;gLjy;ntz;Lk;/,) tpw;gid ehsd;W jPh;g;g[f; fldhsp cilikf;F btspapy;,Ue;jhh; vDk;nghJ. jPh;g;ghizia epiwntw;Wk;tifapy; tpw;gidapYs;s tpiyf;F th';fpatuhy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;gLkplj;J. cilikf;F btspapy;,Ue;jtuhd jPh;g;g[f; fldhspapd; rhh;ghsuhf tpiyf;F th';fpath; fUjg;gLjy;ntz;Lk; 46/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; vl;lg;bgw;w Kot[. xU mDkhdkpf;f bray;Kiwapd; mog;gilapyhdJ. mjw;F fhuzk; tFKiwf;TW 65?,d; III?Mk; fyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s bkhHpeilnaahFk;/ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s brhy;yikg;ghd. 12 Mz;Lfs; fhytiuaiw vd;gJ. gpujpthjpapd; cilik. thjpf;F vjph;epiyahFk; ehspypUe;J bjhl';FfpwJ/ vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; milag;bgw;w chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mirahr; brhj;jpd; cilikf;fhfnth my;yJ mjpYs;s VnjDk; chpikf;nfh thjpahy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl,ayhJ vd;W rl;lj;jpd; ml;ltizapd; 3?Mk; fyj;jpy; vt;tplj;jpYk; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy/ xU egh; thjpahf tHf;Fj; bjhlh;e;jhYk; my;yJ gpujpthjpahf tHf;Fj; bjhlug;gl;lhYk; vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf; bfhs;tjw;fhd jil Kw;wpYkhf,y;iy/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l bghUs;tpsf;fk; vDk; mDkhdr; bray;Kiw mDkjpf;fj;jf;fnjay;y/,J rl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHpeilapypUe;J Kotha; miktjy;y/ v';fshy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ngbuz;zpf;ifapyhd jPh;Kot[fSk;.,';fpyhe;J nguitf; FG. cah; ePjpkd;w';fs;. nkYk; M';fpnya ePjpkd;w';fspy; gy;ntW jPh;Kot[fSk;. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhfg; bgwg;gLk; chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapnyh. tFKiwf;TWfs; 64 kw;Wk; 65?,d; fPH; cilikapd; mog;gilapnyh thjpahy; chpik tHf;Fj; jhf;fy; bra;ag;glyhk; vd;gijr; Rl;of;fhl;Lfpd;wd/ 1963?Mk; Mz;L fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TW 65?,d; fPnHh my;yJ mjDila VnjDbkhU tifa';fspd; fPnHh mjw;Fj; jilnaJkpy;iy/,t;thwhf. (nkw;fz;l) FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj;. rph;jyh jPh;Kot[k;. g";rhg; kw;Wk; cwhpahdh cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Kot[k;. rhpahd rl;lj;ij tFj;Jiug;gjhfr; brhy;yKoahJ/ Vbdd;why;.,J,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gy;ntW jPh;Kot[fSf;Fk; KuzhdjhFk;/ 47/ (nkw;fz;l) FUj;thuh rhfpg; ?vjph;? fpuhk; g";rhaj;. rph;jyh?,d; rl;l mWjpa[iu vjph;j;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy/,uh$!;jhd; khepy muR ?vjph;? kfhtPh; Mapy;,z;l!;ohP!;. (1999) 4 v!;/rp/rp/ 357. iluf;lh; M`g; brl;oy;bkd;l;!;. M/gp/ ?vjph;? vk;/Mh;/ mg;ghuht;. (2002) 4 v!;/rp/rp/ 638. mg;ouhd;,e;jpah ypkpbll; ?vjph;? c&k;kp ghd;. (1998) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 538 Mfpa tHf;Ffspy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW. tpl;Lf;bfhLg;gjd; mog;gilapyhd jPh;Kotpid. Kd;jPh;g;ghf fUjg;glKoahJ vd;gjhFk;/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk;. thjpahy; vLf;fg;gl,ayhJ vd;gjhd g{ry; VJk;,Uf;f,ayhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;Js;sjhy;.,J Fwpj;J rpy fUj;Jfs; bjhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfj; bjhpfpwJ/ mWjpa[iu Fwpj;J vjph;j;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJk;. mjw;Fkhwhf. thjk; VJk; vGg;gg;gltpy;iy vd;gJkhd r';fjp cs;sJ. mt;tifapy; nkw;Twpa mk;rj;jpd;nghpy; jPh;Kot[ VJkpy;iy. rl;l mWjpa[iu Fwpj;J fUj;Jiuf;f kl;Lnk bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.,J ghh;j;jkhj;jpuj;jpnyna rhpay;y vd;gjhFk;/ 48/ rl;lk;. vjph;epiy cilikiag; bghUs;tiuaWf;ftpy;iy. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TW 65?,d; fPH; rl;lg;goahf tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhyk; 12 Mz;LfshFk; vd;gJ bghJthd rl;lj;jpd; mog;gilf; nfhl;ghlhFk;/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w mog;gilf; nfhl;ghl;il. fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk; bghUs;tiuaWf;ft[kpy;iy. thjp. vjph;epiy cilikapd; mog;gilapy; tHf;Fj; bjhluKoahJ vd;w tifaKk; vt;tplj;jpYk;,y;iy/,J. fhytiuaiwa[ld; tHf;Fj; bjhlut[k;. chpikfs; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtija[k; kl;Lnk tpthjpf;fpwJ/ vjph;epiy cilikapd;go jdJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhz;Ls;s xU egh;. btspnaw;wg;gl nfhug;gLkplj;J my;yJ chpikahsuhnyh. ntnwnjDk; eguhnyh tYf;fl;lhakhf EiHtjd; K:yk; cilik ePf;fk; bra;ag;gl;oUf;Fkplj;J. jdJ cilikiag; ghJfhf;ff; nfhUfpd;w egh;. me;j thjpf;F vjpuhf njitahd fhyj;jpw;F vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf jdJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf; bfhz;lhh; vd;gijf; fhz;gpf;f Koe;jhy;jhd; mtuJ cilikiag; bgWtjw;fhd chpikia vjph;j;Jiuf;f,aYk;/ 49/ tFKiwf;TW 64?,d; fPGk; cilikrhh; chpikK:yk; mog;gilapy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ayhk;/ KGepiwthd chpikK:yk; bfhz;l egh; xUth;. cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;Fk;. mtUf;Fg; ghpfhuk; tH';fhkypUg;gjw;Fk;. tFKiwf;TW 65?,d; fPH; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;a[k; chpikiag; gwpj;Jtplntz;Lk; vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd; vz;zky;y/ ntnwnjDk; tFKiwf;Tiw <h;f;fpd;w ntnwnjDk; chpik kPwg;gl;lhy; mjhtJ. chpikahshpd; chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;nghd gpwF. mtuhy; epyk; tpw;fg;gl;lhy; chpikkhw;wk; Fwpj;Jk;. cilik ePf;fk; bra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rp Fwpj;Jk; tpdt. vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; jdJ chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf; bfhz;Ls;s eguhy; chpik tHf;Fj; jhf;fy; bra;ag;glyhk;/ 50/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w rl;lk;. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf chpikK:yj;ijg; bgw;Wf;bfhs;tjw;fhf gpujpthjpia kl;Lk; jFjpg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.,J. Xh; chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;fpd;w egh; K:ykhft[k; KGepiwthf;fg;glyhk;/,J chpikahshpd; chpikfs; fhyhtjpahfp. mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtjw;fhf eph;zapf;fg;gLk; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ghf. cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;F mtUf;Fs;s chpikia kl;Lnk fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ ntW egh; mt;t[hpikia mHpj;J. ePlDnghf chpikiag; bgWthuhdhy;. chpikahsuhy; mjpy; kPz;Lk; EiHe;njh. gpd;dpl;L mtuJ chpikfis xg;g[f;bfhz;nlh. mjid jfh;j;JtplKoahJ/ mj;jifabjhU neh;tpy;. vtUila chpik bry;Ygoahfhbjdf; nfhug;gLfpwnjh. me;j eguhy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;glyhk;/ 51/,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; (nkw;fz;l) fhy";brd;w ac&;te;j; rp';?,y; fUj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lthW.,e;jpahtpy;. cilikiag; bghWj;jtiuapy; rpyh; j';fsJ iffspy; rl;lj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhz;L. cilikapYs;s xU eghpd; cilikiaf; fl;lhaj;jhy; ePf;Ftjw;nfh rl;lkhdJ mDkjpg;gjpy;iy/ cilikapYs;s xU eguhy; Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; chpa ghpfhuj;jpw;fhf cilikrhh; chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapy;jhd; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;glKoa[k;/ (nkw;fz;l) njc&; uh$; ?vjph;? gfj; uhk;?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW. mj;jifa neh;t[fspy; tFKiwf; TWfs; 64 kw;Wk; 65,uz;Lk; <h;f;fg;gLfpd;wd/ rl;lg;goahd chpikahsh;. fhytiuaiwf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; cilikia vLf;Fk; eltof;ifiaj; bjhl';ftpy;iybad;why;. mtuJ chpikfis,He;JtpLthh;. nkYk;. cilikapYs;s egh;. KGikahd chpikK:yj;ij mile;JtpLfpwhh;/ 52/ (nkw;fz;l) rhu';fnjth bghpa klk; ?vjph;?,uhkRthkp ft[z;lh; vd;w tHf;fpy;. cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhd thjpapd; chpik tHf;F. vjph;epiy cilikthapyhf chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhs;Sjypd; mog;gilapy; klj;Jf;F vjpuhf jPh;g;ghizaplg;gl;lJ. mth;. klj;jhy; cilikePf;fk; bra;ag;glKoahJ/ fhytiuaiwr; rl;lk;. 1908?,d; rl;lg;gphpt[ 28 cld; tFKiwf;TW 144?,d; fPH; klj;jpd; chpikK:yk; 1927?Mk; Mz;oy; mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;lJ vd;Wk;. thjp 1927?Mk; Mz;oy; chpikK:yj;ij mile;jhh; vd;Wk; ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;jJ/ 1950?Mk; Mz;oy;. mth; cilikia xg;gilj;jhh;. Mdhy;. me;j cilik xg;gilg;g[. klj;Jf;F chpikK:yk; vjida[k; khw;wptpLtjpy;iy/ 1954?Mk; Mz;oy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l chpik tHf;F chpa fhyj;jpw;Fs;shdjhf jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;L. jPh;g;ghizaplg;gl;lJ/ 53/ brhj;jpd; chpikahshpd; chpik mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtjd;nghpy; vjph;kiwahd chpikna mspf;fg;gLfpwbjd;wnghjpYk;. thjpapd; rhh;ghfnt chpikK:yk; milt[WfpwJ/ mtuJ vjph;epiy cilik K:ykhd ePlDnghfj;jpd; thapyhf fdpe;JtUk; chpik KGikahdJ kw;Wk; cilik ePf;fj;jpd;nghpy;. mth;. rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TW 65?,d; fPH; bjhlf;fg;gFjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgo *chpikK:yj;jpd;* mog;gilapy; mth; tHf;Fj; bjhluyhk;/ tFKiwf;TW 65?,d;go. vjph;epiy cilik vJt[k; gpujpthjpahy; mikf;fg;gl;oUg;gpd;. mJ bjhl';fp 12 Mz;LfSf;Fs; cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;fhf chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapy; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;glyhk;/ mjhtJ gpujpthjpahy; 12 Mz;Lfs; vjph;epiy cilikapypy;yhjepiyapy; fhytiuaiwiag; bghUl;gLj;jhj. chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapy; cilikia kPsg;bgWk; chpik KGikahdjhFk;/ Mf;fpukpg;ghsuhf cilikbfhs;Sjy; vjph;epiy cilikahfhJ. nkYk;. ePz;lfhy cilika[k;. vjph;epiy cilikf;F,izahfhJ/ 54/ tFKiwf;TW 65?,d; bjhlf;fg; gFjpapy;. @mirahr; brhj;jpd; cilikf;fhd my;yJ chpikK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mjpYs;s chpik vjw;Fkhd@ Xh; chpik tHf;F vd;gjhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/ @chpikK:yk;@ vd;w brhy;. vjph;epiy cilikapd; thapyhf thjpahy; bgwg;gLk; chpikK:yj;ij cs;slf;Fk;/ vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf KGepiwthf;fg;gLk; chpikK:yk; bjhlh; jPh;Kot[fspy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ 55/ vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; chpikaspg;g[ VJkpy;iy vd;w gzpe;Jiuia Vw;f eh';fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy/ VnjDk; brhj;jpd; cilikf;fhd Xh; chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;a eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fhytiuaiw fhyhtjpahtjd;nghpy; chpik mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtjhft[k;. mr;brhj;Jf;Fs;s chpika[k; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLfpwbjdt[k; fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 27 tifbra;fpwJ/ cUthf;fg;gl;ljhd vjph;epiy cilik vd;w mog;gilf; nfhl;ghL. mf;fhyk; Koe;jjd;nghpYk;. chpik mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtjd;nghpYk;. mjw;fg;ghy; brd;W. cilikahsUf;F mnj chpikia mspf;fpwnjad;wp. mjw;Fnky; my;y/ cilikf;fhf tHf;fpLk; egh;. mtUf;F milt[w;w chpik jw;rkaj;jpw;fhdnjad;wp. vjph;fhyj;jpw;fhdjy;y vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLthh;/ gphpt[ 27?,y; cs;s brhj;J vJt[k; gUg;bghUs; my;yJ Ez;bghUs; brhj;jpid cs;slf;Fk;/ tFKiwf;TW 65 mirahr; brhj;J Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fpwJ/ 56/ cilik vd;gJ chpikK:yj;jpd; ntuhFk;. mjpy; chpik vd;gJ brhj;jpidg; nghd;wjhFk;/ brhj;Jhpik vd;gJk; gytifg;gLk;/ mjhtJ. KGikahd cilika[hpik. epfH;tilthd cilika[hpik. gUg;bghUs; cilika[hpik kw;Wk; rl;lg;go neh;ikahd cilika[hpik vd;gdthFk;/ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l cilika[hpikia my;yJ brhj;Jf;fhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l chpikia brhj;J itj;jpUg;gth; mDgtpf;fyhk;/ mjw;bfjpuhf vJ eph;zapf;fj;jf;fnjh. mJ brhj;J itj;jpUg;gthpd; chpikfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ cilik. Fwpj;jtifg; ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 6?,d; fPH; braw;gLj;jj;jf;f chpikia mspf;fpwJ/ xU brhj;jpd; rpwpa gFjpapd;kPJ vt;tpjkhd cilik mjhtJ. epfH;epiyapy; neuoahd. *rl;lg;goahd cilik*. bfhs;epiy cilik. xU';fpay;thd cilik mDgtpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ Muhag;glntz;Lk;/ xUntis chpikahsh;. milahs cilikapypUg;ghnuahdhy;. mJ cilik ePf;fk; my;y. kug[Kiwahd. jdpg;gl;l my;yJ Tl;L cilik,Uf;fyhk;/ Tl;Lilikahsh;-Tl;Lhpikahsh; cilik vjph;epiyahdjhf mDkhdpf;fg;glhJ/,dKiwr; rl;lKk;. cilikapd; jd;ikiag; bghUs;tpsf;f g';fhw;WfpwJ/ 57/ vjph;epiy cilikf;F K:d;W Kf;fpakhd njitg;ghLfs; midj;Jk; xnu rkaj;jpy; clbdhj;J,Uf;fntz;oaitahFk;. mjhtJ tw;g[Wj;jypd;wp nghJkhd mstpy; bjhlh;r;rpahft[k;. kiwKfkhftd;wp ? nghJkhd mstpy; btspg;gilahft[k; kw;Wk; mDkjpapd;wp ? vjpuhspf;F vjph;epiyahf. chpikK:yj;ij mtUf;Fj; bjhpe;nj kWf;Fk;tifapYk;,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ btspg;gilahdjhft[k;. jfhjtHpapyhdjhft[k;. mikjpahd? jhft[k;,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf chpikahsh; jfhtHp r';fjpfis mwpe;Jbfhs;s mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iybadpy;. mth; chpa rpuj;ijbaLj;J mjid mwpe;Jbfhs;sntz;Lk; vd;w mog;gilapy;. mtiuf;Fwpj;nj me;j mwpjy; fw;gpj;Jf;Twg;gLfpwJ/ vjph;epiy cilikia. thjplg;glhj chpikK:yj;jpd;nghpy; jPh;g;ghizapl KoahJ/ chpikK:yk; vd;w vjph;epiy jd;ikapd; fPHhd cilik vz;zk; njitahfpwJ/ Mf;fpukpg;ghshpd; ePz;lfhy cilik. vjph;epiy cilika[ld;,izthdjy;y/ Mf;fpukpg;ghshpd; cilik chpikahshpd; bghUl;lhdjhf bghUs;bfhs;sg; gLfpwJ/ xU fhuzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jgth; vjph;epiy cilikia mikg;gjpy;iy/ chpikahsh;. Mf;fpukpg;ghshplkpUe;J vr;rkaj;jpYk; cilikia vLj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;/ cilikahsh; brhj;jpid mf;fiwa[ld; ghJfhf;fpwhh;. mJnt tptrha epykhf,Ue;jhy;. neuoahf cGgth;. epyj;ij brhe;j';bfhz;L jdJ fod ciHg;gpdhy; epyj;ij cGJ. epyj;jpy; rhFgo bra;fpwhh; vd;gJ xl;Lbkhj;jkhfg; ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ/ gy;ntW khepy';fspYs;s rl;lkd;w';fs;. cilikapd; mog;gilapy; chpikfs; tH';Ffpd;wd/ 58/ vjph;epiy cilik kug[hpikahdJ. mjd; chpik khw;wj;jf;f xd;whjyhy;.,uz;nlh my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l egh;fshy; vjph;epiy cilikK:yk;,izj;Jf;bfhs;sg;glyhk;/ v';fSila fUj;jpy;. tFKiwf;TW 65?nyna tifbra;ag;gl;lthwd;wp.,J KGepiwthd chpikia mspf;fpwJ.,jpy; kPz;Lk; EiHtjd;nghpy; gadspj;JtplKoahJ/,izj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; chpik vd;gJ rpy epge;jidfisg; g{h;j;jpbra;tjd; mog;gilapyhdJ.,izj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; chpik vd;gJ cilikapy; bjhlh;e;jpUg;gij epWt[k;bghUl;L cilik K:ykhft[k;. th';Fgth; tpUg;ghtztHp cilik bgWgth; my;yJ cilik khw;wk; bgWgth;.,d;Dk; gpwh; K:ykhft[k;,Uf;fyhk;. me;j egh;. vth; K:yk; mij,izj;Jf;bfhs;s nfhUfpwhnuh. mth; K:ynk nfhuntz;Lk;. nkYk; mJ xnu chpikapd; fPH; xnu brhj;jpd; milahsj;jpd;kPJ rhh;e;jpUf;Fk;/,U btt;ntwhd Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fs; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;fhf vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf chpik mspg;gij epWt. mth;fspd; cilikia,izj;Jf;bfhs;sKoahJ/ 59/ cilikapYs;s xU egh;. chpa rl;lKiwg;go my;yhJ kw;bwhU eguhy; btspnaw;wg;glKoahJ kw;Wk; vjph;epiy cilikf;Fhpa 12 Mz;L fhyk; Koe;Jtpl;lhy;. chpikahsU';Tl mtiu btspnaw;Wk; chpikia,He;JtpLfpwhh;. nkYk; cilikbfhz;l chpikahsh;. vtUf;F vjpuhf ePlDnghf chpik bfhz;Ls;shnuh. mtUf;F vjpuhf neh;t[f;nfw;g btspbry;Yk; eguhy;-chpikahsuhy; iff;bfhs;sg;gLk; chpik. chpikK:yk; kw;Wk; ghj;;jpaij Mfpatw;iw mile;JtpLfpwhh; vd eh';fs; jPh;khdpf;fpnwhk;/ v';fSila fUj;Jg;go.,jd;tpist[ ahbjdpy;. chpik. chpikK:yk; my;yJ ghj;jpaijia mile;Jtpl;lhy;.,J thjpahy; xU thshft[k;. gpujpthjpahy; xU ftrkhft[k; gad;gLj;jpf;bfhs;sg;glyhk; vd;gij rl;lj;jpd; tFKiwf;TW 65?I ghh;j;jt[lndna mwpe;Jbfhs;syhk;. nkYk; vjph;epiy cilik K:yk; KGepiwthd chpikK:yj;ijf; bfhz;l egh; vtUk;. cilik ePf;fk; bra;ag;gL';fhy;. cilik kPl;lspg;g[f;fhf chpik tHf;F xd;iwj; jhf;fy; bra;ayhk;/ kw;bwhU egh;. jdJ ifapy; rl;lj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhz;L cilik ePf;fk; bra;thuhdhy;. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf chpikK:yk; fdpe;J tUtjw;F Kd;ghfnt tFKiwf;TW 64?,d; fPH; cilikrhh; chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;ayhk;/ chpikahshpd; chpikK:yk; mw;Wg;ngha;tpLtjd;nghpy; chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;Ftjd; K:yk;. xU egiuj; jPh;t[bgw,ayhjtuha; Mf;fKoahJ/ vjph;epiy cilik thapyhd chpikia,He;j gpwF chpikahsuhy; mth; cilik ePf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lhy;. vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhz;L mth; thjpahy; btspnaw;wg;glyhk;/ mnjnghd;W. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf. KGepiwthd chpikK:yj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;s thjpia. cilikePf;fk; bra;af;Toa ntbwe;j egUk;. me;j ntW egh;. me;j thjpf;F vjpuhf vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf KGepiwthd chpikK:yk; bfhz;oUf;Fk;tiuapYk;.,y;yhtpl;lhYk;. btspnaw;wyhk;/ mnjnghd;W kw;w tFKiwf;TWfspd; fPG';Tl. mtuJ chpikfs; vita[k; kPwg;gLk;gl;rj;jpy;. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf chpikK:yj;ij KGepiwthf;fpf;bfhz;Ls;s thjp. tHf;Fj; bjhlh;e;J. mt;t[hpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;ayhk;/ 60/ bghJ gad;ghl;Lf;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l brhj;Jf;F vjph;Kfkhf,Uf;fpd;w vjph;epiy cilik vd;w rl;lj;ij ehk; ghprPypf;Fk;nghJ. ePjpkd;w';fs;. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhf chpikaspg;gjw;F btWg;g[f;bfhs;fpwJ/ mj;jifa brhj;Jfs; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gLfpd;wnghJ. vjph;epiy cilik vd;w thjk; vGg;gg;gLfpd;w epfH;t[fSk; cs;sd/ mj;jifa neh;t[fs;. bghJg; gad;ghl;Lf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l epyj;jpd;nghpy; chpikfs; te;jilaf;TlhJ vd;gnj tpUk;gj;jf;fJ/ vjph;epiy cilik vd;w rl;lk; fLikahd gpd;tpist[fis Vw;gLj;jyhk;. vdnt. mj;jifa bjhlh;g[ila brhj;Jfs;. bghJf; fhuzj;Jf;fhf mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;lit vd;gJ mwpt[Wj;jj;jf;fJ vd;W fUj;Jiuf;f eh';fs; eph;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpnwhk;. vjph;epiy cilik thapyhd chpikfs; VJk; te;jilahJ vd;W fhytiuaiwr; rl;lj;jpy; bjspthf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 61/ Kotpy;. 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