2173b993efa9abd1a45220917765ddbb498a86f9027af0ec8e92235bb4467db4

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KG mkh;thy; bry;yhjjhft[k; fUjg;gLtjhy;. mt;tg;nghJ vj;jifa fUj;JiuahdJ v';fisa[k;. jug;gpdh;fisa[k; btspg;gilahff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij v';fshy; ntWtifapy; jPh;khdpf;f,aytpy;iy/@ mt;thW jPh;khdpj;j ePjpah; <uhak; fz;lwpe;jJ ahbjdpy;: @34/,e;j thjk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;lhy;. rl;lj;jpd; fhy ePl;og;g[tiu. mjhtJ. 1999?Mk; Mz;Ltiu. cld;gof;if braw;gLj;jg;glj;jf;fjy;y. me;j cld;gof;ifahdJ. rl;lk; ePf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; 1999?f;F gpd;dh; Fwpj;jtifapy; epiwntw;wg;glyhk; vd;nw bghUs;gLk;/ khwhf. fpl;lj;jl;l,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jiuapd; mog;gilapy;.

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Kidg;g[lDkpy;iybad;wgof;F nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshy; vGg;gg;gl;l kw;w tpdhf;fs; Fwpj;J Muha;tJ v';fSf;F mtrpakpy;iy/ 38/ tpisthf. nky;KiwaPL gFjpahf mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ fw;wwpe;j jdpakh; ePjpaurhpd; jPh;g;g[iu kw;Wk; jPh;g;ghiz khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L. cld;gof;ifapd;go Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizf;Fg; gjpyhf. gpujpthjpfs;-nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; xl;Lbkhj;j bghWg;g[hpikapypUe;Jk; j';fis tpLtpj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; bghUl;L U:/2 nfhoia thjpf;F,Hg;gPlhfel;l<lhf brYj;Jk;go eh';fs; cj;jutpLfpd;nwhk;/ mj;bjhifahdJ. 31/3/2007 md;nwh my;yJ mjw;FKd;ngh ePjpkd;wj;jpy; itg;gPL bra;ag;glnth my;yJ brYj;jg;glnthntz;Lk;. jtWk;gl;rj;jpy;. mj;bjhifa[ld; nrh;j;J Mz;Lf;F 10# tl;oj;bjhif brYj;jg;glntz;Lk;/ gpujpthjpahy; itg;gPL bra;ag;gl;l bjhifahdJ. nrh;e;jil tl;oa[ld; nrh;j;J thjpahy; jpUk;gg;bgw;Wf;bfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ jug;gpdh;fs; j';fsJ brhe;j bryt[j;bjhifia KGtJkhf Vw;Wf;bfhs;sntz;Lk;/@ 12/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fspd; jug;gpy; Kd;dpiyahd fw;wwpe;j K:j;j tHf;Fiu"h; jpU/ FU fpUc&;zFkhhpd; thJiu ahbjdpy;. fw;wwpe;j jdpakh; ePjpauruhy; fhzg;gl;l bghUz;ikrhh; fhz;Kot[ cl;gl gpujpthjpfspd; neh;ikapd;ik Fwpj;j fhz;Kot[fs; midj;Jk;. nky;KiwaPl;oy; ePjpauhaj;jhy; vjph;kiwahf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhFk;/ KG mkh;t[ jPh;g;g[iuapd; jtwhd gad;ghl;od;nghpy;. jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 6?,y; ml';fpa[s;s jilahdJ nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ mjd;tpisthf. bjhlf;fepiyapnyna cld;gof;if bry;yhepiyajhf jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;oUf;fntz;Lk; vd;gJ rhpahdjy;y vd;Wk;.,e;j cld;gof;ifapd;go jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd;fPH; gpujpthjpfns chpa mjpfhhpaplkpUe;J mDkjp bgw;wpUf;fntz;Lk; vd;w bghUz;ik mspf;fg;gl;ljd;nghpy;. mt;tDkjp bgwg;gl;oUf;fntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mth; thJiuj;jhh;/ mth; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;ij Fwpj;Jf;fhl;o Fwpg;gpl;ljhtJ. 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Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;F nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;F Mjuthf Kiwahf jPh;g;ghizaplg; gl;lJ/ 500 rJu kPl;lh; cr;rtuk;ghf,Ug;gijaLj;J. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; mij kl;Lnk th';fKoa[k; vd;w bghUz;ik cld;gof;ifiaj; bjhlf;fepiyapnyna Kw;wpYk; bry;yhjjhf;fptplhJ/ mjw;Fkhwhf. fw;wwpe;j jdpakh; ePjpaurh; rhpahf jPh;khdpj;Js;sgo mJnt nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; jdpg;bghWg;ghFk;/ vt;thwhapDk;. jkpH;ehL epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lk; 1999?,y; ePf;fg;gLtjd;nghpy; mr;rl;lk; ePf;fg;gl;lijj; bjhlh;e;J. ePjpah; <uhak; mjd; jPh;g;g[iu gpwg;gpj;j rkaj;jpy; chpik tHf;fpd; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizapLtjw;F jilnaJkpy;iy/ mtuJ gzpe;JiufSf;F Mjutspj;J mth; gy;ntW jPh;g;g[iufisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;/

27 Mz;Lfshf tHf;F ele;Jte;jJ vd;Wk;. ePjpah; <uhak; mjd; jPh;g;g[iuia gpwg;gpj;jnghJ,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; bjhlh;r;rpahd jPh;g;g[iufspy; jPh;khdpj;Js;sgona nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F vjpuhf gpwg;gpf;fKoahJ vd;w bghUz;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L. mth; ePjpah; <uhaj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iuia vjph;j;Jiuj;jhh;/ 13/ vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fspd; rhh;ghf Kd;dpiyahd fw;wwpe;j K:j;j tHf;Fiu"h; jpU/ tp/ fphp. KG mkh;tpd; jPh;g;g[iu jug;gpdh;fSf;fpilnaahdJ vd;Wk;. jug;gpdh;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;Wk; thJiuj;jhh;/ jug;gpdh;fSf;fpilna Kd;jPh;g;g[j;jilahf,Ug;gjhy;. jw;nghJ mjpy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lij kPz;Lk; bjhl';FtJ rhj;jpakpy;iy. nkw;go KG mkh;tpd; jPh;g;g[iuf;bfjpuhf nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; nky;KiwaPL bra;ahjjd;nghpy;. mJ jug;gpdh;fSf;fpilna,Wjpahdjhfptpl;lJ/ KG mkh;tpd; jPh;g;g[iuiag; ghh;j;njhkhdhy;. cld;gof;if bjhlf;f epiyapnyna bry;yhjjhf,Ug;gjhYk;. mij epiwntw;wj; jtwpajhYk;. jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lk; ePf;fg;gl;ljd;nghpy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jKoahJ vd;w ePjpah; <uhaj;jpd; jPh;Kot[ Kw;wpYk; rhpahdnj/ nkYk;. chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l ehsd;W. milt[w;w chpik nrh;e;jile;jhy;. gpe;ija fhyj;jpy; mij gwpf;fKoahJ. chpik tHf;fhdJ. tHf;Fiu jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l ehsd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;glntz;Lnkad;wp. rl;lg;go nky;KiwaPl;Lj; jPh;g;ghiz gpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpw ehsd;W my;y vd;gjid btspg;gLj;Jk;tifapy; mth; nkw;go jPh;g;g[iufisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;/ mth; nkYk; thJiuj;jJ ahbjdpy;. ve;jbthU jUzj;jpYk;. nky;KiwaPl;od; fPHhd jPh;g;g[iu epahakhdJ vd;gjhy;.,e;ePjpkd;wk; tFKiwf;TW 136?,y; jiyaplKoahJ/ bry;yhj cld;gof;ifapdhy; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wif tH';fplKoahJ vd;w bghUz;ikf;fg;ghy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F U:/2 nfho tl;oa[ld; jPh;tspf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ,d;iwa njjpapy; U:/3 nfhof;F nkw;gl;l bjhifia vl;oaJ/ ePz;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifia tH';FtJ jd;dpr;irahdJ vd;gjhy; mJ Kiwahf vjph;f;fg;gl;lJ vd ePjpah; <uhak; Fwpg;gpLtJ rhpna vd;W mth; nkYk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;/ 14/ jug;gpdh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"hpd; thJiuiaf; nfl;ljd;nghpy;. jw;nghija tHf;fpy; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;if jPh;g;ghizapLtjw;F KG mkh;tpd; jPh;g;g[iu jilahf tps';Fk; vd;w jpU/ fphpapd; mog;gil thJiu Fwpj;J tpthjpg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;,ilj;jug;gpdh;fshf,Ug;gjhy;. mth; KG mkh;tpd; jPh;g;g[iuia kPwKoahJ vd;W jpU/ fphp thJiug;gJ rhpna; mjd;tpisthf. KG mkh;tpd; jPh;g;g[iuapy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rl;lk; jug;gpdh;fSf;F bghUe;Jk;. Kd;jPh;g;g[j;jilahdJ. xnu tHf;FK:yj;jpd; mog;gilapyhd rl;lg;gpur;ridfSf;Fk; bjspthfnt bghUe;Jk; ? fhz;f: kJuh gpurhj; g$^ b$a;!;thy; ?vjph;? njhrpgha; vd;/gp/ $p$pgha;. (1970) 3 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 830 gf;fk; 836/ tHf;F,t;thwpUf;ifapy;. KG mkh;tpd; jPh;Koit jw;nghJ gFj;jha;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;/ 15/ jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 6?MdJ fpiua cld;gof;iffisf;Tl jilbra;tjhf KG mkh;tpd; jPh;g;g[iu Fwpg;gpLfpd;wnghJ. mjd;tpisthf. rl;lj;jpd; ghh;itapy; tzpf eltof;iffs VJnk,y;iy vd;why;. mjd;gpd;dh; ftdj;Jld; Rl;of;fhl;lg;gl;ljhtJ: @40/ /////// Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;if ghprPypf;ifapy;. cld;gof;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w epge;jidfis epiwntw;Wk;bghUl;L th';Feh; ePjpkd;wj;ij ehodhuh> vd;gijf; Fwpj;nj ePjpkd;wk; mf;fiw bfhz;Ls;sJ/ tpw;gidahshplk; tpyf;fspg;g[ nfhhpagpd;dh; cld;gof;ifia epiwntw;WtJ vd;gJ cld;gof;ifapd; epge;jidfspypUe;J tpyfpr;bry;tjhFk;/ mj;jifa cld;gof;ifia ePjpkd;wk; epiwntw;whJ/ cld;gof;ifapd;go th';Feh; epyj;ij th';f tpUg;gk; bjhptpf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; tpyFjYld; mjhtJ. tpw;gidahshplk; tpyf;fspg;igg; bgw;wgpd;dh; fpiuak; epiwntw;wg;glntz;Lk; vd;nw mJ bghUs;gLfpd;wJ/@ 16/ gj;jp 41?,y; KG mkh;t[ ePjpauhak; Fwpg;gpl;lJ ahbjdpy;. jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; fPHhd tpjptpyf;ifg; bgWtJ rhj;jpank. nkYk; mij ePjpkd;wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ. vdpDk; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuk; tH';FtJ cld;gof;ifia kPWtjhf,Ug;gjhy; mij rhjhuzkhf tH';fKoahJ/ Kd;bkhHpag;gl;l chpik khw;wk; gphpt[ 6?My; jilbra;ag;gLfpd;wJ vd;W rhpahf jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lg; gpd;dh;. cld;gof;ifapd; xU gFjpahf,y;iybad;whYk; Fwpg;gpl;l epge;jidfis tpw;gidahsh; epiwntw;wpdhh; vd;gjd;nghpnyna Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizia epge;jidapd;nghpy; tH';fplKoahJ vd;W KG mkh;t[ jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ/ 17/ KG mkh;t[ ePjpauha jPh;g;g[iuapd;,g;gFjpfs; gpur;ridapYs;s cld;gof;iff;F bghUe;jf;ToajhfapUe;jhy;. cld;gof;ifapnyna Fwpg;gpl;l TW cs;sl';fpa[s;sJ/ mjhtJ. TW 4?,d;go jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd;fPH; tpw;gidahsnu chpa mjpfhhpaplkpUe;J mDkjp bgw;wpUf;fntz;Lk; vd;gJ bjspthfpd;wJ/ vdnt. cld;gof;iffs; mt;thwhd TWfisf; bfhz;oUf;fyhk; vd;gjhYk;. mj;jifa neh;tpy; mf;Twpid epiwntw;Wk; bghWg;g[ ePjpkd;w';fSf;Fs;sJ vd;W KG mkh;t[ ePjpauhak; jhnk xg;g[f;bfhz;Ls;sjhYk;,e;j cld;gof;if. KG mkh;t[ jPh;g;g[iuapd; jPh;Kotpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf TwKoahJ/,t;tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfisg; bghWj;jtiuapy; mijna fw;wwpe;j jdpakh; ePjpaurh; bra;Js;shh; ? jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; gpujpthjpfns mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;J tpyf;fspg;igg; bgwntz;Lk;. mij mth;fs; bra;aj;jtwpajd; tpisthf mth;fs; cld;gof;ifia kPwpa[s;sdh; vd;W mth; rhpahfj; jPh;khdpj;Js;shh;/ 18/ rw;nw khWgl;L fhz;ifapy;. kw;bwhU fhuzj;jpw;fhf KG mkh;t[ jPh;g;g[iu nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F,ila{whf,Uf;fhJ vd;gJ bjspthfpd;wJ/ Rkhh; 2002 rJu kPl;lh; mst[ila tHf;Fr; brhj;jhdJ. bgUkst[ila brhj;jhd 30 fput[z;od; xU gFjpahFk; vd;gjpy; IankJkpy;iy/ nkYk;. gpujpthjpfs; ehd;F egh;fshf,Ug;gjhy;. mth;fSf;F brhe;jkhd 2000 rJu kPl;lh; epyj;ijj; jf;fitj;Jf;bfhs;s chpika[ilath;fs;/,f;fhuzj;jpw;fhfnt. gpujpthjpfspd; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l epyj;ij tpw;gjw;F efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;gpd;go mDkjp bgWtJ vd;gJ mth;fspd; flikahFk;/ mij mth;fs; bra;aj;jtwpdh;/ r';fjprhh; gpur;ridahf. Rc&pyh ?vjph;? epcwhy;re;j; ecwhjh. V/I/Mh;/ 2004 bkl;uh!; 18 vd;w tHf;fpy; bkl;uh!; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gpe;ija jdpakh; ePjpaurh;. jdJ cah; ePjpkd;w KG mkh;tpd; jPh;g;g[iuiag; g[hpe;Jbfhz;lhh;/ mJ gpd;tUkhW: @11/ nkw;go (1999) 2 rp/o/rp/ 181 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KG mkh;tpd; jPh;Kot[ kw;Wk; nkw;go (2003) 1 bkl;uh!; yh tPf;yp 696 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpah; <uhaj;jpd; jPh;Kot[ Mfpatw;wpy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mft[iu bjhlh;ghf Ml;nrgiz VJkpy;iy/,U jPh;Kot[fspYk; cs;s jPh;Kotpd; mft[iu ahbjdpy;. cr;rtuk;gpw;F kpifahd epyj;ij itj;jpUf;Fk; eguhy; bra;ag;gLk; ve;jbthU chpikkhw;wKk; bry;yj;jf;fjy;y/ kpif epyj;jpd; Kd;bkhHpag;gl;l chpikkhw;wKk; bry;yj;jf;fjy;y/ kpif epyj;ij tpw;Fk; cld;gof;ifa[';Tl Kw;wpYk; bry;yhjnjahFk;/ vdnt. @kpif epyj;ij@ tpw;gid bra;tjw;fhd cld;gof;ifia epiwntw;Wk;bghUl;L Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;F VJk; mikt[whJ/ mjhtJ. vJ jilbra;ag;gl;l xd;W my;yJ vJ rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhd xd;W vd;gjhy; Kw;wpYk; bry;yhjJ vd;why;. efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; @kpif epyk;@ vjida[k; tpw;gjw;fhd cld;gof;ifnaahFk;/ @tpjptpyf;F@ bjhlh;g[ila cld;gof;ifahf,Ue;jpUe;jhnyh my;yJ tpjptpyf;F bgwf;Toa epykhf,Ue;jpUe;jhnyh. mj;jifa cld;gof;if bry;yj;jfhjjy;y. mt;t[ld;gof;iffs; bry;yj;jf;fJ kw;Wk; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;fpd; K:yk; epiwntw;wj;jf;fJ/ 12/ cld;gof;ifapd;go. chpa mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;J tpjptpyf;F bgw;wgpd;dnu epyj;ij tpw;fKoa[k; vd thjpapd; rhh;ghf fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; gzpe;Jiuj;jhh;/ mjpfhhpfshy; tpjptpyf;F tH';fg;gLk;tiu. cr;rtuk;gpw;F mjpfkhd gpujpthjpapd; cilikapYs;s epyj;jpid jug;gpdh;fs; tpw;gjw;nfh. th';Ftjw;nfh xUnghJk; vz;z';bfhz;oUf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ cld;gof;ifapd; thrfj;jpypUe;J bjspthfpwJ/ vdnt. cld;gof;ifahdJ. efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; tifa';fis kPWtjhfhJ/ vdnt. gpujpthjpapd; tHf;Fiu"h; rhh;e;Jepd;w jPh;Kot[fs;,t;tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfSf;F bghUe;jf;Toajy;y/ efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; tifa';fis kPWk; cl;fUj;njJk; jug;gpdh;fSf;F,y;iy/ vdnt. cld;gof;if bry;yj;jf;fJ. nkYk; mij Fwpg;gpl;L epiwntw;wplKoa[k;/ 13/ thjpf;fhd tHf;Fiu"hpd;,t;thJiu Vw;g[ilaJ/ gpujpthjpapd; tHf;Fiu"h; rhh;e;Jepd;w jPh;Kot[fshdJ. kpif epyk; Fwpj;J cj;njrpf;fg;gl;l eltof;ifapd; cld;gof;iffs; bjhlh;g[ilaJ. mt;thwpUf;ifapy;,t;t[ld;gof;ifahd th/rh/M/5?MdJ tpyf;fspg;igg; bgw;wgpd;dnu epyj;jpd; chpik khw;wk; bra;tjw;F Fwpg;gpl;L epiwntw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ/ tpjptpyf;if mspf;Fk;go rl;lj;jpnyna tifbra;jpUe;jhy;. rl;lj;jpd; fPH; tifbra;ag;gl;Ls;sthW. ve;jbthU egUk; tpyf;fspg;ig bgwKoa[k; vd;W mth; epahakhfnt vjph;ghh;f;fyhk;/ efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; mjpfhhpfs; tpyf;fspg;ig tH';FtJ rhj;jpakhdjhft[k;. Vw;g[ilajhft[k;,Ug;gpd;. tpyf;fspg;ig bgw;wgpd;dh; mj;jifa epyj;ij tpw;gjw;fhd cld;gof;ifia epiwntw;WtjpypUe;J egh; vtiua[k; jLf;fKoahJ/ mt;t[ld;gof;if. rl;lj;jpd; tifa';fis kPWk;goahd cl;fUj;Jilajy;y/ mJ rl;lj;jpd; tifa';fSf;fpz';fpna cs;sjhy;. mt;t[ld;gof;if bjhlf;fepiyapnyna tpHyhfptpl;ljhfnth my;yJ bry;yhjjhfnth Fwpg;gplKoahJ/ vdnt. mt;t[ld;gof;if bry;yj;jf;fJ vd;Wk;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;fpYk; epiwntw;wj;jf;fJ vd;gJkhFk;/ 14/ efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[ mjpfhhpaplkpUe;J tpyf;Fg; bgw;wg;gpd;dnu epyk; tpw;fg;glnth-th';fg;glnthntz;Lk; vd;gJ kDjhuuhy; xg;g[f;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;W th/rh/M/5?,d; Ez;zha;tpypUe;J btspg;gLfpd;wJ/ mjhtJ.,t;t[ld;gof;ifahdJ. efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; tpyf;fspg;igg; bgWtjw;nfad;wp. epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; @kpif@ epyj;ij th';Ftjw;nfh-tpw;gjw;nfh my;y/ rl;lj;jpd; fPH; tpyf;fspg;ig bgwhky; epyj;ij th';fnth my;yJ tpw;fnth jug;gpdh;fs; cWjpbfhs;stpy;iy vd;W cld;gof;ifapd; vt;tplj;jpYnk Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy/ vdnt. gpujpthjpfs; rhh;e;Jepd;w jPh;g;g[iufs; jw;nghija tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfSf;Fg; bghUe;jj;jf;fjy;y. Mfnt. efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpw;F KuzhdKiwapy; vtnuDk; xU jug;gpdh; bray;gLk;go fUj;Jiuf;fhjjhy;,e;j cld;gof;ifia bry;yhjjhf Fwpg;gplKoahJ/ Mfnt. cld;gof;ifahdJ bry;yj;jfhjjy;y. vdnt. mJ bry;yj;jf;fJ kw;Wk; epiwntw;wf;ToaJ/ vGtpdh vz; 1?,d; gjpyhdJ thjpf;F Mjuthf mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/@ 19/ vdnt. fpiua cld;gof;ifiaj; bjhlf;fepiyapnyna bry;yhjjhf Fwpg;gplKoahJ. mjd;tpisthfnt. nky;KiwaPl;oy; ePjpah; <uhaj;jpd; jPh;Kot[ mikfpd;wJ vd;gJ bjspt[/ Kotpy;. cld;gof;ifiar; bry;yhjjhf;Ffpd;w rl;l ePf;fk;. mr;bry;yhj cld;gof;ifia kPz;Lk; eilKiwf;Ff; bfhz;LtuhJ. mJ,t;tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfSf;Fg; bghUe;jf;Toajy;y vd;w Tw;wpw;F Mjutspj;j jpU/ fphp. $hf;a{!; ?vjph;? tpj;jp. 1 bcwr;/ gp/vy;/ 65. cwpl;fhf; ?vjph;? nt. (1837) 6 V&</ 943: 112 </Mh;/ 360 kw;Wk;,uhk; fphp!;nlh kz;ly; ?vjph;? jd;fp!;nlh kz;ly;. (1969) 1 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 342 (gf;fk; 349)?,d; jPh;g;g[iufisf; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;odhh;/,ijf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L ghh;f;ifapy;. jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 5(3) cldpize;j mjd; tpyf;ff;TW,t;tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfSf;F bghUe;jf;Toajh vd;gij Muha;tJ njitaw;wJ/ 20/ vdpDk;. mJ mt;thW,Ue;jnghjpYk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsiug; bghWj;jtiuapy;. cr;rtuk;ghd 500 r/kPl;lUf;F nky; bgWtjw;F mth; jFjpa[ilatuy;yh; vd;W vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fspd; rhh;gpy; gpw thJiu itf;fg;gl;lJ/ tHf;F,t;thwpUf;ifapy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F Mjuthf Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghiz VJk; gpwg;gpf;fKoahJ/ 21/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd epge;jid jPh;g;ghizfs;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;L cWjpbra;ag;gl;ld. mij kWj;Jiuf;f KoahJ/ vdnt. tpc&;tehj; c&h;kh ?vjph;? c&pahk; c&';fh; nfhayh. (2007) 10 v!;/rp/rp/ 595 [@tpc&;tehj; c&h;kh@] vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk; @12/ nkhjpyhy; ?vjph;? ehd;cwpyhy; [(1929?30) 57 I/V/ 333: V/I/Mh; 1930 gp/rp/ 287] vd;w tHf;fpy; murg; nguitahy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ ahbjdpy;. rpy muR mjpfhhpfspd; xg;g[jYlndna chpik khw;wk; bra;aj;jf;f brhj;jpid fpiuak; bra;JbfhLf;f tpw;gidahsh; xg;g[f;bfhz;lhy;. Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mtfhrj;jpw;Fs; tpw;gidahsiu mjpfhhpaplk; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;go cj;jutpLtJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ/ nkYk;. xg;g[jyhdJ tutpUg;gjhf,Ug;gpd;. mijf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; th';Fehplk; bjhptpf;fyhk;/ rhe;jpdp tpj;jpahtjp kjd; ?vjph;? lhf;lh;/ rp/vy;/ fhoahy; (V/I/Mh;/ 1964 v!;/rp/ 978) kw;Wk; Mh;/rp/ re;jpnahf; ?vjph;? N:dp yhy; rgh;thy; [(1970) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 140: V/I/Mh;/ 1971 v!;/rp/ 1238] Mfpa tHf;Ffspy;,r;rl;l fUj;Jiuna gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ/ nkhjpyhy; [(1929?30) 57 I/V/ 333: V/I/Mh; 1930 gp/rp/ 287] vd;w tHf;fpy; murg; nguitahy; nkYk; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ ahbjdpy;. tpw;gth; th';Fehplk; tpw;gjhf xg;g[f;bfhz;Ls;s brhj;J bjhlh;ghf. mjd; chpik khw;wj;ij epiwntw;Wk;bghUl;L njitahd midj;ija[k; bra;tJ tpw;gthpd; jug;gpyhd cl;fpilahd xg;ge;jnkahFk;/ epy nkk;ghL mjpfhhpaplkpUe;J mDkjpbgWtJ. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghiz tH';Ftjw;fhd Kd;epge;jidahfhJ/ jPh;Koit cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cah; ePjpkd;wk; rhe;jpdp tpj;ahtjp kjd; ?vjph;? lhf;lh;/ rp/vy;/ fhoahy; (V/I/Mh;/ 1964 v!;/rp/ 978) kw;Wk; gPk; rp';$P ?vjph;? a{dpad; M`g;,e;jpah [(1981) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 166: V/I/Mh;/ 1981 v!;/rp/ 234] Mfpatw;wpd; jPh;Kot[fspy; rhh;e;Jepd;wJ/,Wjpapy; jiyik Mizah; tpw;gjw;F mDkjp tH';f kWj;jpUe;jhy;. thjp. cld;gof;ifapd; fPH; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizia epiwntw;wpapUf;f KoahJ. MapDk; me;j ghpfhuj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghiz gpwg;gpg;gjpy; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mJ jilahf tps';fhJ vd;W jPh;khdpj;Js;s,e;ePjpkd;wk; g";rhg; kw;Wk; cwhpahdh cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Koit rhe;jpdp tpj;ah (V/I/Mh;/ 1964 v!;/rp/ 978) vd;w tHf;fpYk; cWjpbra;jJ/ mJnt jw;nghija tHf;fpd; epiyg;ghLkhFk;/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd cld;gof;ifapd; jPh;g;ghiz tH';fg;gl;l gpd;dh;. epy nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhp tpw;gjw;fhd mDkjp tH';f kWj;jpUe;jhy;. jPh;g;ghiz bgw;wth; jPh;g;ghiziar; braYWj;Jk;epiyapy;,Ue;jpUf;fkhl;lhh;.,Ug;gpDk; mj;jifa mDkjpahdJ. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd cld;gof;ifapd; jPh;g;ghiz gpwg;gpg;gjw;fhd Kd;epge;jid vd;W jPh;khdpj;jplKoahJ/ 13/ Mh;/rp/ re;jpnahf; ?vjph;? N:dpyhy; rgh;thy; [(1970) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 140: V/I/Mh;/ 1971 v!;/rp/ 1238] vd;w tHf;fpy;. jw;nghJs;s tHf;ifg;nghd;wbjhU tHf;fpy;. chpaKiwapy; jPh;g;ghiz tH';Ftbjd;gJ. gpujpthjpf;Fk;. thjpf;Fkpilna cld;gof;ifapd; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;ij cj;jutpLtjhFk;. nkYk;. mth; bgahpyhd chpik K:yj;ij khw;wk; bra;a[k;bghUl;L gpd;dpl;L khw;wy; bgw;wth;fis khw;wspg;g[ Mtzj;jpy; nrh;f;Fk;goa[k; cj;jutplntz;Lk; vd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ/,J Vbdd;why;. 1?Mk; gpujpthjpapd; kfdhd 2?Mk; gpujpthjp jhk; mwptpf;ifapd;wp chpik khw;wy; bgw;wth; vd;w epiyg;ghl;il vLf;f,ayhJ vd;gjhnynaahFk;/ kWg;g[f;fplkpd;wp. mth;jhd; 1?Mk; gpujpthjpapd; kfdhthh;/ Mh;/rp/ re;jpnahf; [(1970) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 140: V/I/Mh;/ 1971 v!;/rp/ 1238] vd;w tHf;fpd; fUj;JiuahdJ. Jh;fh gpurhj; ?vjph;? jPg; re;j; [V/I/Mh;/ 1954 v!;/rp/ 75] vd;w Ke;ija fUj;Jiuapd; typa[Wj;jyhFk;/ mirahr; brhj;jpd; chpik khw;wj;jpw;fhf jPh;g;ghiz gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;L xg;g[jy; bgwg;glyhk;. mj;jifa tHf;fpd; jPh;g;ghizahdJ. cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;jutpd;gona mikt[Wk; vd;W,e;ePjpkd;wk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ/ (fhz;f: nkhjpyhy; b$apd; ?vjph;?,uhk;jhrp njtp [(2000) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 420]. eph;kyh Mde;j; ?vjph;? ml;btz;l; fhh;gnuc&d; (gp) ypkpbll; [(2002) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 481] bcwr;/gp/V/,z;lh;nec&dy; ?vjph;? gf;thd;jh!; gnj re;j; jh!;thdp [(2004) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 537] kw;Wk; mdpf;ny!; nahcwdd; ?vjph;?,uhk;yjh [(2005) 7 v!;/rp/rp/ 534]/)@ td; tpghf; fuk;rhhp fphpcwh eph;khd; rcw;fhhp rhd;!;jh kh;ahjpj; ?vjph;?,unkc&; re;jh;. (2010) 14 v!;/rp/rp/ 596 [@td; tpghf;@] vd;w tHf;fpy;. 1976. efh;g;g[w epy (cr;rtuk;g[ kw;Wk; Kiwg;gLj;jy;) rl;lj;ijf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;Lghh;f;ifapy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; mj;jifa nfhUhpikiaf; nfhuKoahJ vd;gjd; mog;gilapy; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wif nfhuKoahj chpik tHf;if,e;ePjpkd;wk; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;oaJ/ mJ,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Fwpg;gpl;L vjph;kiwahf;fg;gl;L tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljhtJ: @26/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. mijf; fz;lwpe;jjd;nghpy;. 11/2/1991 md;W Xh; chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy;bra;jhh;/ MapDk;. mth; mjpy; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd thJiuia nrh;j;Jf;bfhs;stpy;iy/ (i) epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jif rl;lj;jpd;go nkw;go epyj;ij ifafg;gLj;Jk; eltof;if,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; (ii) epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;l tifa';fisf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L ghh;f;ifapy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd ntz;Liuiar; bra;jpUf;fkhl;lhh; vDk;,U bghUz;ikfisa[k; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;oa nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;,e;j tHf;F eltof;ifia vjph;j;Jiuf;f vz;zpdhh;/ 27/ nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; nkw;go fUj;Jila fhuztpsf;fk; epahag;go epiyf;fj;jf;fjy;y/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s rl;lKiw jilahdJ. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;tjw;F jilahf,Ue;jhy;. mJnt chpik K:yk; kw;Wk; cWj;Jf;fl;lis tpsk;g[if nfhhp jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;l chpik tHf;fpw;Fk; jilahf tps';Fk;/ bka;ahfnt. epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lk;. gphpt[ 20?,d; tifaj;jpw;Fl;gl;L. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;F vspjpy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;glyhk;/ 28/ c&h $pnje;jpu ehdhyhy; ?vjph;? gnly; yy;Ygha; <c&;th; gha; (V/I/Mh;/ 1984. F$uhj; 145) vd;w tHf;fpy; F$uhj; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KG mkh;tpd; Kd;g[ mnjnghd;w tpdhf;fs; ghprPyidf;fhf vGg;gg;gl;ld/ cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; tifa';fSf;fg;ghy; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;Fj; jhf;fy; bra;ag;glyhk; vd;W KG mkh;t[ jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ/ rl;lg; gphpt[ 20?,d; fPH; tpyf;fspg;g[ bgwg;gl;ljw;Fl;gl;L. cr;rtuk;gpw;F kpifahd fhypkid bjhlh;ghf Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;Fj; jhf;fy; bra;ag;glyhk;. nkYk;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd epge;jid jPh;g;ghiz gpwg;gpf;fg;glyhk;/ (V/I/Mh;/ gj;jpfs; 11?13)/ 29/ nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jPh;Kotpy;. KG mkh;tpd; fUj;JiufSld; eh';fs; khpahij epkpj;jkhf cld;gLfpd;nwhk;/ nkYk; mjpy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;s nfhl;ghLfs;,jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd/@ rl;lKuzhd bra;ifapd;nghpy; tHf;FK:yj;ij mikf;Fk; xU kdpjDf;F ve;jbthU ePjpkd;wKk; cjtpl Kd;tuhJ vd;w fUj;Jiuf;F Mjuthf jpU/ fphp mth;fshy; nkw;nfhs;fhl;lg;gl;l,khdp mg;gh uht; ?vjph;? bfhy;ygs;sp,uhkyp';f K:h;j;jp. (1962) 3 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 739 kw;Wk; ehuhazk;kh ?vjph;? nfhtpe;jg;gh. 2019 v!;/rp/rp/ Md;iyd; v!;/rp/ 1260 vd;w tHf;Ffspd; jPh;g;g[iufs; (nkw;go) tpc&;t ehj; c&h;kh kw;Wk; (nkw;go) td; tpghf; vd;w tHf;Ffspd; jPh;g;g[iufshy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; N:H;epiyf;F bghUe;jhjit/ 22/ kw;wtifapY';Tl. jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lkhdJ gpd;tUkhW ePf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ ePf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpypUe;J bjspthfpd;wJ: @2/ 1978?Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehL ePf;fg;gl;l rl;lg;gphpt[ 24/? (1978?Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehL rl;lg;gphpt[ 24),jd;K:yk; 1978?Mk; Mz;L. jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy (cr;rtuk;g[ kw;Wk; Kiwg;gLj;jy;) rl;lk; (,jpy;,jw;Fg;gpwF Kjd;ikr; rl;lk; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk;)?Mf ePf;fg;gl;lJ/ 3/ fhg;g[iufs;/? (1) Kjd;ik rl;lj;jpd; ePf;FjyhdJ ?

(m) gphpt[ 11?,d; cl;gphpt[ (3)?,d; fPH; VnjDk; fhyp epyj;jpd; nrh;e;jil chpik. khepy murhnyh my;yJ khepy muR rhh;ghf Kiwna mjpfhukspf;fg;bgw;w VnjDk; eguhnyh my;yJ jFjpa[ila mjpfhhpahnyh mjd; cilik chpik vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gl;lhy;;

(M) gphpt[ 21. cl;gphpt[ (1)?,d; fPH; tpyf;fspg;ig mDkjpf;Fk; VnjDk; cj;jut[ my;yJ mjd;fPH; vLf;fg;gl;l VnjDk; eltof;ifapd; bry;Ye;jd;ik; nghd;wit ghjpf;fg;glhJ/ 2/ (m) Kjd;ik rl;lg;gphpt[ 11?,d; cl;gphpt[ (3)?,d; fPH; VnjDk; epyk;. khepy murpd; nrh;e;jil chpikahf fUjg;gl;L. mjd; cilik chpikahdJ khepy murhnyh my;yJ khepy murpd; rhh;ghf mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;bgw;w VnjDk; eguhnyh my;yJ jFjpa[ila mjpfhhpahnyh vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gl;lhy;; kw;Wk;

(M) me;epyk; bjhlh;ghf VnjDk; bjhif khepy murhy; brYj;jg;gl;oUe;jhy;.

mt;thW brYj;jg;gl;lj; bjhif VJkpUg;gpd;. mij khepy murplk; jpUg;gpr;brYj;Jk;tiu. me;epyj;jpid kPl;lspf;fKoahJ/@ jkpH;ehL efh;g;g[w epy cr;rtuk;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; fPH; ve;jtpjkhd eltof;iffSk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhy; fhg;g[iufspd; rl;lf;TW bghUe;jj;jf;fjy;y vd;gJ bjspthfpd;wJ/ 23/ f$uh$; rp'; ?vjph;? !;nll; ouhd;!;nghh;l; mg;gnyl; ohpgpa{dy;. (1997) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 650 vd;w tHf;fpy;. ePf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; tpistpidf; Fwpj;J,e;ePjpkd;wk; gpd;tUkhW tpthjpf;fpd;wJ: @22/ rl;lk; vg;bghGbjy;yhk; ePf;fwt[ bra;ag;gLfpd;wnjh. mg;nghJ fle;jfhy kw;Wk; Koe;Jtpl;l eltof;iffs; eP';fyhf. mJ xUnghJk; eilKiwapy;,y;yhjijg;nghd;W fUj;jpw;bfhs;sg;glntz;Lk;/ mr;rl;lk; xUnghJk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhf rl;lkd;wj;jpd; gjpntl;oypUe;J mij Kw;wpYkhf Jilj;jHpj;JtpLtnj mjd; tpisthFk;/ mr;rl;lk; eilKiwapYs;snghJ bjhl';fg;gl;l. tHf;Fj; bjhlug;gl;l kw;Wk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;l mt;tHf;F eltof;iffspd; nehf;fj;jpd;bghUl;nl jtpu. mJ xUnghJk; eilKiwapy;,Ue;jpUf;fhJ/ rl;lg; g[idt[ vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; cz;ikbad Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lg;go m';fPfhuk; bgw;wJ/ mit epjh;rdkhd cz;ikay;y/ vdnt. rl;lg;g[idt[,Uf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy;. cz;ikapy;,y;yhj xd;iw,Ug;gjhf ePjpkd;wk; ek;g[fpd;wJ/ mJ cz;ikapy;,y;yhj xd;iw,Ug;gjhf Cfpf;fpd;w Fwpg;gpl;l N:H;epiyiaj; jtpu ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy/ mj;jifa rl;lg; g[idtpd; tpist[ ahbjdpy;. ntWtifapy; bgwKoahj epiyahdJ.,r;N:H;epiyfspd; fPH; bgwg;gLtjhf fUjg;gLk;/ vdnt. 1/7/1989 md;W Kjy; 1939?Mk; Mz;L rl;lg;gphpt[ 4?MdJ. rl;lg;gphpt[ 217(1)?,d; K:yk; ePf;fg;gl;lhy; eilKiwapypUe;j 1939?Mk; Mz;L rl;lg;gphpt[ 4?MdJ. tHf;fw;Wnghd. Kot[w;w my;yJ ePf;fg;gl;l tHf;F eltof;iffisg; bghWj;nj jtpu mJ,y;yhjjhfptpLk;/ 23/ gf;fk; 626?,y; fpuh`nghh;l; rl;lg; bghUs;tpsf;fk; (1989)?,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljhtJ: @fhg;g[iuf; TWnghd;w khwhd rpy Fwpg;gPL,Ue;jhyd;wp. eilKiwapYs;s rl;lj;ij tHf;bfhHpar; bra;tjw;F btspg;gilahd ePf;fk; bray;gLk;/ eilKiwapYs;s chpikfisg; ghJfhf;ft[k;. epYitapYs;s tHf;Ff;F tpyf;fspf;Fk;bghUl;Lk;. fhg;g[iuf; Twpid gad;gLj;Jk; eilKiw mrhjhuzkhd eilKiway;y vd;whY';Tl. eilKiwapYs;s chpikfSk;. epYitapYs;s chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; tHf;Ffs; Mfpa,uz;Lnk ghjpf;fg;gLk;/@ gf;fk; 627?,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjhtJ: @nkYk;. ePf;fg;gLfpd;w TwhdJ. Ke;ija rl;lj;jpd; gFjpia btspg;gilahf Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w neh;tpy;. mtw;wpw;fpilna bghUj;jkw;w Kuz;ghL,y;yhjtiuapy;. TLjy; rl;l ePf;fk; VJk; njitapy;iy vd;w mDkhdk; vGg;gg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mr;rl;lj;jpd; v";rpag; gFjp bgUk;ghYk; ePf;fg;glhJ/ mnjnghd;W. ePf;fg;gLfpd;w TwhdJ jiyg;gpd;fPH; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW. mjd; tiuaiwfspd;K:yk; Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;oUe;jhy;. mJ gy;ntW tplag;bghUspd;nghpyhd rl;lj;jpw;F ePl;of;fg;gLk;/@,r;rl;lk;.,aw;Wr; rl;lk; vjida[k; ePf;fk; bra;a[kplj;J. khWgl;lf; fUj;Jj; njhd;wpdhyd;wp me;j ePf;fkhdJ.

(m) me;j ePf;fk;. ve;j neuj;jpy; bry;jpwk; bgWfpwnjh me;j neuj;jpy; bry;yhw;wypy;,uhj my;yJ,Ue;jpuhj vjw;Fk; g[j;Japuspj;jyhfhJ; my;yJ (M) mt;thW ePf;fk; bra;ag;gl;l VnjDk;,aw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; Ke;jpa braw;ghl;oid my;yJ mjd;go Kiwahfr; bra;ag;gl;l my;yJ mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l vjidnah; my;yJ (,) mt;thW ePf;fk; bra;ag;gl;l,aw;Wr; rl;lk; vjd;goa[k; bgwg;gl;l. te;jile;j my;yJ nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l chpik. kjpg;g[hpik. flikg;bghWg;g[ my;yJ flg;ghL vjida[k; ghjpj;jyhfhJ vd;W kw;wtw;wpw;fpilna. bghJ tifa';fs; tpsf;fr; rl;lk;. gphpt[ 6?MdJ Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ/,e;jpah blhghnfh fk;bgdp ypkpbll; ?vjph;? rpoX [(1975) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 512: 1975 v!;/rp/rp/ (lhf;!;) 49] (v!;/rp/rp/?,d; gf;fk; 517) vd;w tHf;fpd; gj;jpfs; 6 kw;Wk; 11?,y;. rl;l ePf;fk; vd;gJ xU rl;lk; xUnghJk;,aw;wntglhjijg;nghd;W. rl;lg; g[j;jfj;jpypUe;J mij KGikahft[k; mjpfhug;g{h;tkhft[k;,uj;Jbra;J. mr;rl;lj;jpw;F khw;whf kw;bwhd;iw Fwpg;gpLtjhFk; vd;W K:tukh; ePjpauhaj;jhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ/ xU rl;lk; ePf;fg;gl;lhy;. tHf;fw;Wg;nghd kw;Wk; Kot[w;w tHf;F eltof;iffisj; jtpu. mJ xUnghJk; eilKiwapy;,y;yhjJnghd;W fUjg;glntz;Lk;/ rl;lePf;fk; vd;gJ rl;lkd;wj;jpd; cl;fUj;ij rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; mog;gilf; Tnwad;wp. mJ xU vGj;J KiwapyhdJ kl;Lnkay;y/ bjhlh;e;JtUk; rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l cl;fUj;J btspg;gilahf my;yJ njitf;nfw;g Fwpg;ghfr; Rl;lg;gl;L. Ke;ija,aw;Wr; rl;lj;ij KGikahfnth. gFjpahfnth,uj;J bra;tjhf my;yJ mfw;Wtjhf,Ug;gpd; mJ Kw;wpYk; my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l mst[tiuapYk; ePf;fk; bra;ag;gl;l xU rl;lkhf,Uf;Fk;/@ 24/ nky;KiwaPL. chpikapay; tHf;fpd; bjhlh;r;rp vd;gjd;bghUl;L nky;KiwaPL jPh;g;ghizaplg;gl;l ehsd;W rl;lj;jpd; khw;wk; bghUe;jj;jf;fJ. mjd;go milt[w;w chpik VJk; gwpf;fg;glhJ vd;W tifbra;ag;glhJ vd;gJ mWjpaplg;gl;l rl;lkhFk;/,J,unkc&;th; ?vjph;? n$hl; uhk;. (1976) 1 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 847 vd;w tHf;fpy; fPH; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltifapy; bghUj;jKw ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ: @gp/ bt';fnlc&;tuY ?vjph;? nkhl;lhh; & b$duy; onulh;!; [(1975) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 770. 772: V/I/Mh;/ 1975 v!;/rp/ 1409. 1410] vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk;. gpd;dh; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l N:H;epiyfs; bjhlh;ghf bgauilahd braw;ghL Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fpd;wJ/,uz;L fUj;Jiufs; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ Kjyhtjhf. *tHf;Fiu"h; rl;l eltof;if bjhl';fpa ehs;Kjy;. ghpfhuj;jpw;fhd chpika[s;sJ vd;gijj; jPh;khdpj;jplntz;Lk; vd;gnj v';fsJ eilKiw rl;ltpaypd; mog;gilahFk;* vd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ/ eltof;if bjhl';fg;gl;l ehs;Kjy; jug;gpdhpd; chpik eilKiwapYs;sJ vd;w bghUz;ikfspd; mog;gilapy; mJ jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gnj cWjpahd vjph;thjkhFk;/ mt;thwhd bghUz;ikfSf;F,irtspj;jjd;nghpy;. mth; mjid epiwntw;Wtjw;F jFjpa[ilatuhfpwhh;/ Vw;bfdnt tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJnghd;W. mth; tHf;Fj; bjhlh;e;j ehsd;nw ePjpkd;wk; mtuJ r';fjpfspy; cz;ika[s;sJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;jpUe;jhy;. mth; jPh;g;ghiziag; bgw;wpUe;jpUg;ghh;/ Mfnt. tHf;fpd; gpe;ija Kd;ndw;w';fs; mtuJ chpikia,Hf;fr;bra;ahJ/ ePjpkd;w';fspd; eilKiwj; jhkj';fs;. mtUf;fhd ePjpianah my;yJ tHf;FK:yj;jpd; bjhlf;fepiyapy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l chpikianah,Hf;fr;bra;jplKoahJ/,e;epiyg;ghlhdJ g$d;yhy; ?vjph;? g";rhg; khepy muR (1971) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 34 vd;w tHf;fpd; Mjuthf cs;sJ/ (mrypy; typa[Wj;jg;gl;lJ) jw;nghJ gpd;dpl;l epfH;t[fspd; jhf;fj;ijf; Twyhk;/ Kjyhtjhf. bray;ghl;L chpikapd; mog;gilapYk;.,uz;lhtjhf ghpfhuj;jpd; jd;ikapd; mog;gilapYk;. K:d;whtjhf epiyahd chpikfis cUthf;Ftjw;nfh my;yJ mHpg;gjw;nfh Mw;wyw;wpUg;gjd; mog;gilapYk; mjidg; bgw;wpUj;jyhFk;/ ghpfhuj;jpd; jd;ik Kjd;ikahff; nfhug;gl;lthW,Ue;J. mJ chpik tHf;fpw;Fg; gpd;dnuh my;yJ nky;KiwaPl;L epiyapY';Tl tHf;fw;Wg;nghapUe;jhnyh. gadw;wjhfpapUe;jhnyh my;yJ ghpfhuj;jpd; g[Jtotkhf,Ue;jhnyh. mg;g[jpa epiyikapd; fhuzkhf mjpf gad; juj;jf;fjhapUf;Fkplj;J. mg;ghpfhuk;. g[jpa r';fjpfspd; Jizbfhz;L. cUthf;Fjy;. khw;Wjy; my;yJ kW cUthf;fk; bra;ag;gLfpwbjd;why;. mJ tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;/ ngl;lh;rd; (ngl;lh;rd; ?vjph;? myghkh khepyk;. (1934) 294 a{/v!;/ 600. 607) vDk; tHf;F,e;epiyia tpsf;FfpwJ/ xU ghpfhuj;ijf; nfhUfpd;w my;yJ ghpfhuj;ij khw;wf; nfhUfpd;w jug;gpdh; xnu chpikiaf; bfhz;oUf;fntz;Lk;/ mjpypUe;J jug;gpduhy; nfhug;gl;l ghpfhunkh my;yJ khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l ghpfhunkh,tw;wpy; VnjDbkhd;wpidg; bgw;Wf;bfhs;syhk;/ tHf;fpd;nghJ mjidj; bjhlh;e;JtUk; epfH;t[fs;. me;j tHf;fpnyna xU FWfpatifapy; jtpu (gpd;dh; Twg;gl;lJ). eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;f chpikfisj; njhw;Wtpf;f Koahnjad;wp. ghpfhu';fis cUthf;f neh;ikbewpahd mjpfhutuk;g[f;F cl;gLj;jyhk;/ mjw;Fkhwhf. chpikfs; Vw;bfdnt jug;gpdhplj;jpy; milt[w;wpUf;Fkplj;J. rl;lj;jpy; khw;wk;,Ue;J mJ ve;epiyapYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhf,Ue;jhyd;wp yr;nkc&;th; gpurhj; RFy; ?vjph;? nfc&;th; yhy; brsj;hp (1940 vg;/rp/Mh;/ 84: V/I/Mh;/ 1941 vg;/rp/5),t;tifapy; tUfpwJ/ ePjpkd;w';fs; eilKiw N:H;epiyfSf;nfw;g eLepiy jtwhJ flikahw;Wtjw;F xU tHf;fpd; tw;g[Wj;Jk; neh;ikbewpfs;. ghpfhu';fis khw;wpaikf;Fk;. flikf;F mtw;iwg; gpizf;fpwnghJ. mtw;wpd; chpikfis kWf;f,ayhJ/ ghpfhuk; tpUg;g mjpfhuKilajhapUf;Fkplj;J. ePjpkd;w';fs; mePjpiaj; jtph;f;f,e;j mjpfhutuk;igr; braYWj;jyhk;/,njnghd;W.,Wjpahf ghpfhuk; tH';fg;gLk; rkaj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mog;gil r';fjpfs;,Ue;jhnyh.,y;iybad;whnyh ghpfhuj;jpw;fhd chpik rl;lj;jpd;goahfnt rhh;e;jpUf;Fkplj;J. ePjpkd;wk; nky;KiwaPl;oY';Tl me;j,ilaPlhd r';fjpfis mog;gilahd tpist[ld; Fwpj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;/ bt';fnlc&;tuY (gp/ bt';nlc&;tuY ?vjph;? nkhl;lhh; & b$duy; onulh;!;. (1975) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 770: V/I/Mh;/ 1975 v!;/rp/ 1409) vd;w tHf;F mjd; rl;l mikg;gpd;goahfnt bghUs;bfhz;L,t;tifapy; tUfpwJ/ tHf;FK:yk; FiwghLilajhf,Ue;J. gpe;jpa epfH;t[fs; mf;Fiwghl;il rPh;bra;jpUe;jhy;. tHf;fpd; bgUf;fj;ijj; jtph;f;Fk;bghUl;L. kw;wjug;g[f;F ghjpg;ngJk; tpistpf;fg;glhJ vd;gjw;Fl;gl;L. tHf;F eltof;ifia bjhlur;bra;J. jpUj;jj;ij mDkjpf;fyhk;/,itaht[k; tpjptpyf;fhd N:Hy;fspy; kl;Lnk bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/ nkYk; rl;lj;jpd; mog;gilapyhd rl;l eltof;if. mjDila tifKiwapd;go my;yJ kw;wtifahf jilbra;ag;gLkhapd; tHf;FK:yk; my;yJ ghpfhuj;jpy; mj;jifa khw;wj;ij mg;gona bra;JtplKoahJ/ rl;l ePjpia epiyehl;Ltnj ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyaha flikahFk;/ rl;lg;goahf mspf;fg;gLk; chpikfis.,e;j neh;ikbewpahd nfhl;ghl;lhy; ePf;fptpl,ayhJ/ (ghh;f;f: brhf;fyp';fk; brl;o [54 vk;/vy;/b$/ 88 (gp/rp/)])/,uhk;$p yhy; ?vjph;? g";rhg; khepy muR [V/I/Mh;/ 1966 g";rhg; 374: I/vy;/Mh;/ (1966) 2 g";rhg; 125]?,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s rl;lk; rhpahdjhFk;: @chpik tHf;Ffs; jhf;fy; bra;jYf;Fg;gpd; epfGk; epfH;t[fspy; rpy rka';fs; nky;KiwaPl;L epiyapy; epfH;gitfisa[';Tl gyjlit ePjpkd;w';fs; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf;bfhz;L. me;j epfH;t[fspd; mog;gilapy; ghpfhuj;jpw;fhf bra;ag;gLk; ntz;Liuiar; nrh;g;gjw;fhf thJiufisj; jpUj;Jtjw;F mDkjpf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; rhjhuzkhf tHf;F eltof;iffspd; bgUf;fj;ijj; jtph;g;gjw;fhf my;yJ Kjd;ikahff; nfhug;gLk; ghpfhuk; re;jh;g;gtrj;jhy; khwptpLtjd; fhuzkhf. jFjpaw;wjhfptpLfpwnghJk; kw;Wk; thjpapd; chpik tHf;F. Kd;bkhHpag;gl;l jpUj;jj;jhy; (ghh;f;f: !;Lth;l; ?vjph;? ehh;j; bkl;nuhbghypld; ouhk;nt!; fk;bgdp [(1885) 16 fpa{/gp/o/ 178]) KGtJkhf khw;wg;gl;Ltplhky; mtuhy; jhf;fy; bra;ag;gLk; xU g[jpa chpik tHf;F fhytiuaiwahy; mt;thW jilbra;ag;gLfpw nghJk;,J bra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;gjhFk;/@ @gpd;?njhd;Wk;@ epfH;t[fs; Fwpj;Jk;. Kd;djhf tpsf;fg;gl;l tuk;g[f;Fl;gl;l kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;fhd nehf;f';fSf;fhft[k; tpHpg;g[ld; ePjprhh; ghprPyid bra;ifapy;. xU jug;gpdh; jdJ RaKaw;rpahy; xU khWghlhd N:H;epiyiakhw;wp. me;j khw;wg;gl;l N:H;epiyapd; mog;gilapy; ghpfhuj;jpw;fhf thJiug;gjw;F ve;j ePjpkd;wKk; Mjut[ bjhptpf;fpwJ/@ (851?852?Mk; gf;f';fspy;) 25/ yr;nkc&;th; gpurhj; RFy; ?vjph;? nfc&;th; yhy; brsj;hp. V/I/Mh;/ 1941 vg;/rp/ 5?,y; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lthW. xU nky;KiwaPl;L tHf;F eltof;if. Kjd;ikahd tHf;F eltof;ifapd; bjhlh;r;rpahFk; vd;Dk; g[dpjkhd nfhl;ghl;il,j;jPh;g;g[iu gpd;gw;WfpwJ/ nkYk;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gpe;jpa jPh;g;g[iufspYk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ/ jahtjp ?vjph;?,e;jh;$pj;. (1966) 3 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 275?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sjhtJ: @jw;nghJ xU bghJthd Kd;bkhHpt[iuahf. rhjhuzkhf xU nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;. nky;KiwaPl;Lj; jPh;g;g[iuf;Fg; gpwF eilKiwf;Fte;J tH';fg;bgWk; xU g[jpa rl;lj;ijf; fUj;jpw;bfhs;s,ayhJ/ Vbdd;why;. xU nky;KiwaPl;oy; tHf;fhofspd; chpikfs;. chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;a[k; ehspy; mkypYs;s rl;lj;jpd;go jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ nfhf; vd;gthpd; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ghfnt. mtuJ KJbkhHpahd xU g[jpa rl;lk;. fle;jfhy bray;ghl;Lf;Fhpajhad;wp. tU';fhy bray;ghl;Lf;Fhpajha;,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd gyjlit nkw;nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;snghjpYk;. ePjpkd;w';fs; milt[w;w chpikfisg; gwpf;fpd;w my;yJ epYitapYs;s tHf;Ffisg' ghjpf;fpd;w rl;l';fSf;F vjph;g;g[j; bjhptpj;Js;sd/ eilKiw tpla';fs; khWgl;oUe;jhYk;. eilKiwiag; ghjpf;fpd;w rl;lk; vg;nghJk; fle;j fhyj;jpw;Fhpajhfnt cs;sJ/ Mdhy;. epiyahd chpikfis kPwj;jfhj KGikahd tpjp cs;sjhf bghUs;gltpy;iy/ g[jpa rl;lk;. epYitahd tHf;FfspY';Tl btspg;gilahf my;yJ bjspthfr; rl;lj;jpdhy; bghUs;tpsf;fg;gl;ljd;go. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;njhL. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; mt;thW btspg;gLj;jg;gl;l cl;fUj;jpidf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L. Kjy;epiy ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iuf;Fg; gpwF';Tl. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; mj;jifa rl;lj;jpw;F bray;totk; mspf;fyhk; vdf; fUj;J bjhptpf;Fk; gh';FilajhFk;/ jPh;g;g[iuapd;go xU btw;wpbgw;w thjp vd;d bgw;Wf;bfhz;lhnuh. mjidg; gwpf;f. ePjpkd;wk; rl;lg;go tuntw;fg;gLfpwnghJ. eilKiwiag; ghjpf;fpd;w rl;l';fSf;Fk; milt[w;w chpikfisg; ghjpf;fpd;wtw;Wf;Fk;,ilnaahd ntWghL vd;gJ xU tplankay;y/ ghh;f;f: fptpy;lh; ?vjph;? nkg;gps; rd; [(1882) 9 fpa{/gp/o/ 672] kw;Wk; !;nlhtpd; ?vjph;? `ngh;gpuh!; [(1919) 88 vy;/b$/ nf/gp/ 1004] vd;gd g[jpa rl;l';fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;oUg;gjw;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;/ Ke;jpajpy; cilikia kPsg;bgWtjw;F epyf;fpHhhpd; milt[w;w chpikfSk;. gpe;jpajpy; rl;lg;goahf cilikapy;,Ue;JtUtjw;F thlifjhuhpd; milt[w;w chpikfSk; jPh;g;g[iuf;Fg; gpwF gwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ nkYk; ghh;f;f: nkf;!;bty;!;,z;lh;gpbul;nlc&d; M`g; !;nll;oa{!; (11?Mk; gjpg;g[ gf;f';fs; 211 kw;Wk; 213) kw;Wk; Kfh;$p (nf/rp/) ?vjph;? kh!;lh;,uhkujd; (63 I/V/ 47)/,t;tHf;Ffspy;. gPfhh; Fj;jifa[hpikr; rl;lk;. (gPfhh; Fj;jifa[hpik jpUj;jr; rl;lk;. 1934?My; jpUj;jg;gl;lthW). gphpt[ 26 (vd;) kw;Wk; (X) tpjptpyf;fpd;wp midj;J tHf;FfSf;Fk; bjspthfg;bghUe;jpd vDk;nghJ. epYitahd chpik tHf;Ffs; bjhlh;ghd fhg;g[iu vJt[k; kiwKfkhff; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy/ fldhsp ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 6. bjspthfnt fle;jfhyj;Jf;Fk; gadspf;fj;jf;fjhFk;/ cz;ikapy;. gphptpd; jiyg;g[ fle;jfhyj;Jf;Fk; gadspg;gij tFj;Jiuf;fpwJ vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ/,J mt;thwpUf;ifapy;. cz;ikapy; gpur;rpidapd; fUg;bghUs; ahbjdpy;. Xh; chpik tHf;fpd; jPh;g;g[iuapypUe;J vGfpd;w nky;KiwaPL epYitapypUe;jhy;. chpik tHf;F 1956?Mk; Mz;L $^d; jp';fs; 8?Mk; ehs; epYitapypUe;jjhff; TwKoa[kh> vd;gjhFk;/,J. *chpik tHf;F* vd;Dk; brhy;. chpik tHf;fpd; jPh;g;g[iuapypUe;J vGfpd;w xU nky;KiwaPl;il cs;slf;Ffpwjh> vd;gijg; ghprPypf;fntz;oajhfpwJ/ nky;KiwaPL vd;gJ @xU nkyik ePjpkd;wj;jpy; EiHe;J. fPHik ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jtwpid mjd; cjtpa[ld; jPh;t[bra;Jbfhs;s jiyapLk; chpik@ vd;gjhfr; brhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ/@ (ml;lh;dp b$duy; ?vjph;? iryk; (11 </Mh;/ 1200 gf;fk; 1209)?,y; ePjpaurh; bt!;l;ghp mth;fspd; Tw;Wg;go)/ Xh; chpik tHf;Ff;Fk;. xU nky;KiwaPl;Lf;Fk; cs;s xnu ntWghL ahbjd;why;. nky;KiwaPL vd;gJ @Vw;bfdnt mikf;fg;gl;l tHf;fpd; eltof;iffis kW Ma;t[ bra;J rhpbra;fpwnjbahHpa. xU tHf;if cUthf;fhJ@ vd;gjhFk;/ mjd; Jizbfhz;L. tHf;fpy; jilapl fUjpdhYk;.,J mjd; xU gFjpahft[k;. rpy tpla';fs; kw;Wk; rpy rl;l';fSld; bjhlh;g[ilajhf,Ue;jhYk;. nky;KiwaPL vd;gJ Xh; chpik tHf;fpd; bjhlh;r;rpna vd;W brhy;yg;gLfpwJ/ epYitapYs;s Xh; chpik tHf;fpd; kpifahd tl;oaspg;gJ bjhlh;ghf ghpfhuk; mspg;gnj,r;rl;lj;jpd; cl;fUj;jhFk;/ nkYk;.,t;tifahd Xh; chpik tHf;fpy; Kjy;epiyj; jPh;g;ghiz chpik tHf;if Kot[Wj;jptpLtjpy;iy/ nky;KiwaPl;oypUe;J tUk; Kjy;epiyj; jPh;g;ghizna jPh;g;ghizahf,Uf;Fk;.,Jnt,Wjpj; jPh;g;ghizahft[k; Mfptplyhk; vd;gjhy; nky;KiwaPL vd;gJ tHf;fpd; xU gFjpahFk;/ mj;jifabjhU nky;KiwaPL jdpj;J epw;f,ayhJ/ fLk; tl;of; fld;fs; rl;lj;jpd; (jpUj;jg;gl;lthW) gphpt[ 3?,d; bghUe;Jiff;fhf,J Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;glhtpl;lhy;. tprpj;jpukhd Kot[fs; tUk;/ nky;KiwaPl;oy;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;,g;gphptpd; cjtpia ehl,ayhky; chpik tHf;F jpUg;gpaDg;gg;gLkhapd;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; mjidg; gad;gLj;jpf;bfhs;s tw;g[Wj;jg;gLk;/ xU Kiwahd nky;KiwaPl;oy;. jPh;g;g[ tH';fg;glntz;Lk;/,J tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tH';fg;gl,aYk; vd;whYk;. chpik tHf;F kPz;Lk; nfl;fg;glntz;Lbkd;why;. eilKiwapYs;s rl;lj;jpd; mog;gilapy; jPh;g;g[ tH';fg;glntz;Lk;. nkYk; mJ g";rhg; fldhsp ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 6?,d; tpsf;fg;go gphpt[ 5?I cs;slf;fntz;Lk;/,e;j btspg;gilahd Kuz;ghL eilKiwapypUg;gjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ vd mhpjhfnt fUj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;/ Mfnt. rl;lkd;wk; elg;gpYs;s chpik tHf;iff; Fwpg;gpl;L. mg;nghJ.,Wjpahf epiwntw;wj;jf;f Mtzk; miktjw;F Kd;ghf Kiwahd chpik tHf;if fUj;jpw;bfhs;tnjhld;wp. rhjhuzkhf chpik tHf;F elg;gpypUf;ifapYs;s mjd; epiyfisa[k; fUj;jpw;bfhs;sntz;Lk; vd;gJ bjhpfpwJ/ eh';fs; ftd";brYj;Jk; gphptpd; brhw;fs; rl;lj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpd; mog;gilapyhd. elg;gpYs;s chpik tHf;F Fwpj;Jg;ngRfpwJ. nkYk;. xU elg;gpYs;s chpik tHf;F. Kjy;epiy ePjpkd;wj;jpy;,Ue;jhYk;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpy;,Ue;jhYk;. Kjy;epiy ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iuna ghprPypf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ/ kPz;Lk; vLf;fyhfhj xU epiwntw;wj;jf;f jPh;g;ghiz Vw;bfdnt eilKiwapy;,Ue;J tUtjhy;. tHf;Ff;Fl;gl;l chpikfs; my;yJ nfhUhpikfs; bjhlh;ghf nkw;bfhz;L vJt[k; bra;antz;oajpy;iy vd;Dk; me;j tHf;Ffis kl;Lnk,J tpyf;FfpwJ/ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Kot[.,t;tHf;Ff;F fLk; tl;of; fld;fs; rl;lj;jpd; (jpUj;jg;gl;lthW) gphpt[ 3?I bghUj;jpapUg;gJ rhpna/@ (gf;f';fs; 281?283?,y;),njnghd;W. mkh;$pj; ft[h; ?vjph;? gphPj;jk; rp';. (1974) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 363?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;jjhtJ: @4/ yr;nkc&;th; gpurhj; RFy; ?vjph;? nfc&;th;yhy; brsj;hp (1940 vg;/rp/Mh;/ 84) vd;w tHf;fpy;. xU ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tH';fg;gLk; jPh;g;ghizia vjph;j;J nky;Kiwaplg;? gl;oUe;jhy;. mt;tHf;F kPz;Lk; tprhuiz epiyf;F te;JtpLfpwJ. mjd;gpwF. Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nehf;f';fSf;fhf v/fh/. epiwntw;WjYf;fhf jPh;g;ghiz,Wjpahdjhff; fUjg;gl;L. ePjpkd;w';fs; mjpfhutuk;g[ bfhz;oUe;jhYk; xl;Lbkhj;j tHf;Fk; nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; trk; te;JtpLfpwJ/ nkYk; ePjpkd;wk; TwpajhtJ. gphpl;oc&;,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 1861?Mk; Mz;oypUe;nj. Kjy;epiy mjpfhutuk;g[ila ePjpkd;w';fSf;F chpikapay; tprhuizKiwr; rl;lj;jpd;go tH';fg;gl;lJk;. tpjpf;fg;gl;lJkhd mnj mjpfhu';fis xU nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; bfhz;oUe;J fpl;lj;jl;l mnj flikfis Mw;wptuntz;Lk; vd;gJ xU rl;lf; nfhl;ghlhf,Ue;Jte;Js;sJ. nkYk; mr;rl;lk;,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghfnt.,e;j ehl;od; eilKiwrhh;e;j rl;lj;jpd;go xU nky;KiwaPl;L tHf;fpy; nfs;tpKiw vd;gJ kPz;Lk; nfs;tpKiw bra;tJ vd;fpw jd;ikapYs;sJ vd;Dk;,e;j epiyg;ghL fpUc&;zkhr;rhhpahh; ?vjph;? k';fk;khs; (I/vy;/Mh;/ (1903) 26 bkl;uh!; 91. gf;f';fs; 95?96) vd;w tHf;fpy; ePjpaurh; ghc&;ak; Ia';fhh; mth;fshy; bjspthd bkhHpeilapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nkYk; nky;KiwaPL vd;gJ kPz;Lk; nfs;tpKiw bra;tJ vd;w jd;ikapYs;s bfhs;ifapd; mog;gilapy; nky;KiwaPl;od;nghpy; xU tHf;fpy; tH';fg;gLk; ghpfhuj;ij khw;wpaikf;ifapy;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;. jPh;g;ghizahdJ nky;KiwaPl;oy; vjph;j;Jiuf;fg;gl;l gpwF. eilKiwapYs;s r';fjpfisa[k;. epfH;t[fisa[';Tl fUj;jpy; vLj;Jf;bfhs;tjw;FhpajhFk; vd;gij,e;ehl;oYs;s vz;zw;w ePjpkd;w';fs; m';fPfhpj;Js;sd/ 5/ xU nky;KiwaPL vd;gJ tHf;fpid kPz;Lk; nfs;tpKiw bra;tJ vd;gjhy;. cah; ePjpkd;wk; nky;KiwaPl;ilj; js;Sgo bra;antz;oapUe;jhy;. mJ th';F Kd;Dhpikf;fhd Xh; chpik tHf;fpy; jPh;g;ghiz gpwg;gpj;jyhfntapUf;Fk;/ Mfnt. cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s xnu tHpKiw ahbjd;why;. nky;KiwaPl;il mDkjpg;gjhFk;. mijj;jhd; cah; ePjpkd;wk; bra;Js;sJ/ mjhtJ cah; ePjpkd;wk;. th';F Kd;Dhpikf;fhd chpik tHf;if cWjpbra;antz;Lk; vd;why;. mJ th';F Kd;Dhpikf;fhd chpik tHf;fpd; jPh;g;ghiz gpwg;gpj;jyhFk; vd;w epiyapy;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;. jPh;g;ghizia cWjpbra;fpw nghJ. mjhfnt xU jPh;g;ghiziag; gpwg;gpf;fpwJ/ Mfnt. cah; ePjpkd;wk;. nky;KiwaPl;il mDkjpj;jJ rhpna/@ yc&;kp ehuhaz; fapd; ?vjph;? epu";rd; nkhjf;. (1985) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 270 vd;w tHf;fpy;.,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;jjhtJ: @9/ nky;KiwaPL elg;gpYs;snghJ rl;lj;jpy; bra;ag;gLk; khw;wj;ijf; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;bfhs;sntz;Lk;. nkYk;,uhk; !;tU:g; ?vjph;? Kd;c&p [V/I/Mh;/ 1963 v!;/rp/ 553: (1963) 3 v!;/rp/Mh; 858]?,y; (,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l) jug;gpdh;fspd; chpikfs; cs;sl';fpa[s;sJ/,J Ky;yh ?vjph;? nfhJ [(1969) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 653: V/I/Mh;/ 1971 v!;/rp/ 89: (1970) 2 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 129]?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ/,ij eh';fs; jahtjp ?vjph;?,e;jh;$pj; [V/I/Mh;/ 1966 v!;/rp/ 1423: (1966) 3 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 275: (1966) 2 v!;/rp/b$/ 784]?,y; Rl;of;fhl;lyhk;/,e;j ePjpkd;wk; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: @g[jpa rl;lk;. btspg;gilahfnth. bjspthd rl;lg; bghUs;tpsf;fj;jpd;goahfnth elg;gpy; cs;s tHf;FfspYk; ml';fpapUf;Fkhdhy;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wKk;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; mt;thW btspg;gLj;jg;gl;l cl;fUj;jpidf; fUj;jpw;bfhs;sntz;Lk;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk;. Kjy;epiy ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iuf;Fg; gpwF';Tl mj;jifabjhU rl;lj;Jf;fhd tpisitf; bfhLf;fyhk;/@ mkh;$pj; ft[h; ?vjph;? gphPj;jk; rp'; [(1974) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 363: V/I/Mh;/ 1974 v!;/rp/ 2068: (1975) 1 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 605]?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Kot[k; Fwpg;gPL bra;ag;glyhk;/,jpy;,e;j ehl;od; eilKiwrhh;e;j rl;lj;jpd;go. xU nky;KiwaPl;L tHf;fpd; nfs;tpKiw vd;gJ kPz;Lk; nfs;tpKiw bra;tJ vd;fpw jd;ikapYs;sJ vd ePjpaurh; ghc&;ak; ma;a';fhh; mth;fshy; beLehSf;F Kd;ghf fpUc&;zkhr;rhhpahh; ?vjph;? k';fk;khs; [I/vy;/Mh;/ (1902) 26 bkl;uh!; 91 (vg;/gp/)]?,y; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mWjpa[iuapd; mog;gilapy; rhh;e;Jepd;W xU nky;KiwaPl;od; epYitapd;nghJ. rl;lj;jpy; bra;ag;gLk; khw;wj;Jf;F mt;tpist[ mspf;fg;gl;lJ/ mkh;$pj; ft[h; ?vjph;? gphPj;jk; rp'; [(1974) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 363: V/I/Mh; 1974 v!;/rp/ 2068: (1975) 1 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 605]?,y;,e;ePjpkd;wk;. yr;nkc&;th; gpurhj; RFy; ?vjph;? nfc&;th; yhy; brsj;hp [V/I/Mh;/ 1941 vg;/rp/ 5: 1940 vg;/rp/Mh;/ 84: 191 1rp 659]?k; Fwpg;gPL bra;jJ. mjpy; xU ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; jPh;g;ghizia vjph;j;J nky;Kiwaplg;gl;oUe;jhy;. mt;tHf;F kPz;Lk; tprhuiz epiyf;Fs;shfp. mjd;gpwF rpy nehf;f';fSf;fhf vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf epiwntw;WjYf;fhfj; jtpu xl;Lbkhj;j tHf;Fk; nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; trk; te;jile;Jtpl;lhy;. jPh;g;ghiz,Wjpahdjhf fUjg;gl;L. nkYk; fPHik ePjpkd;wj;jplnk mjpfhutuk;g[,Ue;JtUk; vd tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ/@ 26/ vdpDk;. ePf;fg;gl;l rl;lk;. Xh; mog;gil chpikia mHpf;Fk;bghUl;L Kw;fhyj;Jf;Fk; gad;gLj;jptpl,aYk; vd;w mWjpa[iuf;F Mjutspf;Fk;bghUl;L. nfrtd; khjt nkdd; ?vjph;? gk;gha; khepy muR. 1951 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 228?,d; jPh;g;g[iuia jpU/ fphp Fwpg;gpl;lhh;/,jw;fhf. mth; ePjpaurh; kfh$d; mth;fspd; gf;f';fs; 249?250?,y; cs;s,jidbahj;j jPh;g;g[iuapd; kPJ rhh;e;Jepd;whh;/,t;tHf;fpy; gpujpthjpfSf;F,J bjhlh;ghd mog;gil chpik VJkpy;iy vd;w r';fjpiaa[k;. gpujpthjpfspd; milt[w;w chpik ePf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;oUf;ftpy;iy vd;w r';fjpiaa[k;,j;jPh;g;g[iu Kw;wpYk; ntWgLj;jpf;fhl;LfpwJ/ mnjastpy;. $hd; byk; ?vjph;? jhk!; mbyf;rhz;lh; kpr;bry;. (1912) V/rp/ 400?,d; jPh;g;g[iu. nf ?vjph;? 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27 Mz;Lfs; vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjhy;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wjiy tpUg;gjpfhug; ghpfhukhf tH';fptplf;TlhJ/ Fwpj;jtif ghpfhur; rl;lk;. 1963?,d; gphpt[ 20. Fwpj;jtif ghpfhur; (jpUj;j) rl;lj;jhy; khw;wPL bra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf gpd;tUkhW vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ: @20/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; jPh;g;ghizf;fhd tpUg;gjpfhuk;?? (1) Fwpj;jtifapy; epiwntw;WkhW jPh;g;ghiz tH';Ftjw;fhd mjpfhutuk;g[ tpUg;gjpfhuj;jpd;ghw;gl;lJ/ mj;jifa ghpfhuk; tH';Fjy; rl;lg;goahdJ vd;w fhuzj;jhy; kl;Lnk mt;thW bra;a ePjpkd;wk; fl;Lg;gl;lJkd;W; Mdhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpUg;gjpfhukhdJ. kdg;nghf;fpd; goahdjd;W. khwhf mJ rPuhdjhft[k;. jFkhdjhft[k; ePjpKiw bewpfspdhy; tHpelj;jg;gLtjhft[k;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jpUj;jg;glf;Toajhft[k;,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ (2) Fwpj;jtifapy; epiwntw;WkhW jPh;g;ghiz tH';fhky;,Ug;gjw;F tpUg;gjpfhuj;ij ePjpkd;wk; Kiwahfr; brYj;jyhFk; neh;t[fs; gpd;tUgit?

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Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;ij braw;gLj;Jtij eLepiyaw;wjhf;Fk; N:H;epiyfspy; xg;ge;jk; bra;Jbfhs;tijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ/,';F kPz;Lk;.,J jPh;khdpf;fg;glntz;oa fhyf;TW vd;gJ xg;ge;jk; bra;Jbfhs;Sk; fhykhFk;/ 29/ chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;a[k; ehSf;Fg; gpwF epy';fspd; tpiy cah;t[ kl;Lnk. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;ij kWg;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfptplKoahJ vd gphpt[ 20?,y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgo ePjpkd;w';fs; xnu rPuhf jPh;khdpj;Js;sd/ eph;kyh Mde;j; ?vjph;? ml;btd;l; fhh;g;gnuc&d; (gp) ypkpbll;. (2002) 8 v!;/rp/rp/ 146?,y;.,e;ePjpkd;w K:tukh; ePjpauhak; jPh;khdpj;Js;sjhtJ: @3/ nky;KiwaPL.,Uth; mkh;t[ ePjpauhaj;jhy; nfl;fg;gl;lJ/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; 8/9/1966?Mk; njjpaplg;gl;l cld;gof;ifapd; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;Fhpath; vd;gjw;F fw;wwpe;j ePjpaurh;fs; cld;gLfpd;wdh;/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; 1 kw;Wk; 2?Mk; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;Fr; brYj;jg;glyhFk; TLjy; bjhif bjhlh;ghf epge;jidapd;nghpy; fw;wwpe;j ePjpgjpfSf;fpilnaahd fUj;JntWghL,Ue;jjhy;. tHf;F,e;j K:tukh;t[ ePjpauhaj;jpd; Kd;g[ itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ fw;wwpe;j ePjpaurh;fspd; fUj;Jfs; eph;kyh Mde;j; ?vjph;? ml;btd;l; fhh;g;gnuc&d; (gp) ypkpbll;. [(2002) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 481]?,y; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sd/ rnfhju ePjpaurh; Jiurhkp uh$^ mth;fshy; btspaplg;gl;l fUj;Jg;go. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; 1 kw;Wk; 2?Mk; vjph;nky; KiwaPl;lhsUf;F Vw;bfdnt brYj;jpa bjhifnahL TLjyhf bjhif U:/40.00.000-?I brYj;JkhW gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. nkYk; rnfhju ePjpaurh; mnrhf; ghd; mth;fspd; fUj;Jg;go U:/40.00.000-? brYj;j epge;jid tpjpg;gJ epahakw;wJ; nkYk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; cld;gof;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tpiyapy; tpw;f cld;gof;ifapd; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;Fhpatuhthh; vd;gjhFk;/@ @5/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. th';fpa tpiyf;F nguk; ngrhky; Kof;fg;glhj mLf;ffj;jpd; cilikia. vLj;Jf;bfhs;s jahuhft[k;. tpUg;gKlDk;,Uf;fpwhh;/ nkYk;. fl;olj;jpy; Kof;fg;bgwhj vjw;Fk; 1 kw;Wk; 2?Mk; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; bghWg;ghthh;fs; vdj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gltpy;iy/ mth; tpw;gid cld;gof;ifia kPwtpy;iy vd xUkpj;J jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mth; cld;gof;ifapd; jdJ flikia epiwntw;w vg;nghJk; tpUg;gKlDk;. jahuhft[k; cs;shh;/ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; bjhif U:/25.000-?f;fhd tl;oia 1 kw;Wk; 2?Mk; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;F brYj;jj; jahuhft[k;. tpUg;gKlDk; cs;shh;/,jpy;,jw;FKd; fz;lthW.,J. 1 kw;Wk; 2?Mk; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshnyna kPwg;gl;Ls;sJ/,t;tHf;F Kg;gJ Mz;LfSf;Fk; nkyhf epYitapypUe;J tUtjhy;. mLf;ffj;jpd; re;ij tpiy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; cauf;Toa rhj;jpakpUg;gjhy; nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; Kof;fg;bgwhj mLf;ffj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhz;L. nkw;fz;lthW. nkw;bfhz;L bjhif VJk; brYj;jt[k; jahuhf cs;shh; vd;gJ bjspt[/ mg;gFjpapy; cs;s tPl;Lkid brhj;jpd; kjpg;g[. gw;gy kl';fhf cah;j;jg;gl;ljd; bkhj;j gyDk; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F kl;Lnk fpilf;fg;bgw Vd; mDkjpf;fg;gl,ayhJ vd;gjw;fhd fhuzk; VJk; eh';fs; fhztpy;iy/ v';fSila fUj;Jg;go. tPl;L kidr; brhj;jpd; cah;tpd; kw;Wk; gpur;rpidf;Fhpa mLf;fj;jpd; cah;j;jg;gl;l kjpg;gpd; gyid nky;KiwaPl;lhsiu kl;Lk; Ja;f;fr; bra;tJ neh;ikaw;wjhfnth. epahakw;wjhfnth,Uf;fhJ vd;gjhFk;/ jtW bra;ahj jug;gpduhd nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; tpiykjpg;g[ cah;tpdhy; fpilf;Fk; gyd;fis mtnu Ja;f;f Vd; mDkjpf;fg;glf;TlhJ vd;gjw;F fhuznkJkpy;iy/ 6/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifj; jPh;g;ghiz tH';fy; vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; tpUg;gjpfhuj;jpy; mikfpwJ vd;gJ cz;ik. nkYk; Fwpj;jtifapy; epiwntw;WtJ rl;lg;goahdJ vd;Dk; rhjhuz fhuzj;jpw;fhf mjid vg;nghJk; tH';FtJ mtrpakhdjy;y vd;gJ ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ePjpkd;wk; mjd; tpUg;gjpfhuj;jpy;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj; jPh;g;ghizia tH';Fifapy; my;yJ kWf;ifapy;. xU jug;gpduhy; kw;wtUf;F TLjy; bjhif brYj;JtJ cs;spl;l bghUj;jkhd epge;jid vjida[k; tpjpf;fyhk; vd;gJk; ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ th';Feh;. tpw;gtUf;F TLjy; bjhifiar; brYj;jg; gzpf;fg;glntz;Lkh> my;yJ mjw;Fkhwhf mJ xU tHf;fpd; r';fjpfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfs;kPJ rhh;e;jpUf;ff;TLkh> rhjhuzkhf. tHf;F epYitapypUf;Fk;nghJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpiynaw;wk; fhuzkhf kl;Lk; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wg; ghpfhuk; thjpf;F kWf;fg;glf;TlhJ/ xU Fwpg;gpl;l tHf;fpy; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizia kWg;gjw;fhf ghprPypf;fg;glntz;oa gytw;Ws;. xd;wpid ghprPyidf;F vLj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;/ rhjhuzkhf. xU tHf;F epYitapypUf;Fk;nghJ brhj;jpd; kjpg;g[ Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftifapy; caUtjd; xl;Lbkhj;j gyida[k; thjp kl;Lnk bgWtjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl,ayhJ vd;gJ xU bghJ tpjpahf jPh;khdpf;fg;gl,ayhJ/ neh;ikbewpfis rPh;J}f;fpg; ghh;f;ifapy;. vth; jtW bra;j jug;gpdh;> vd;gJ ghprPyidfSs; xd;whff; fUj;jpw;bfhs;sg;glntz;Lk;/ nkYk;. xU jug;gpdh; kw;wth; kPJ jfhj mDTyj;ij vLf;f Kad;Wbfhz;oUf;fpwhh; vd;gnjhL Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;ij cj;jutpLtjd; K:yk; Vw;glf;Toa,d;diya[k; fUj;jpw;bfhs;sntz;Lk;/ jug;gpdh;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jhj ntW N:H;epiyfSk;,Uf;fyhk;/ xl;Lbkhj;j N:H;epiyfSk; ghh;f;fg;glntz;Lk;/@ @8/ xl;Lbkhj;j N:H;epiyfisa[k; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L ghh;j;jhy;. 1 kw;Wk; 2?Mk; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;F nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; U:/25.000-?f;Fg; gjpyhf bjhif U:/6.25.000-?I brYj;j eh';fs; cj;jutpLfpnwhk;/ bjhif U:/40.00.000-? vd v';bfy;yhk; bjhpfpwnjh. mJ ePjpaurh; Jiurhkp uh$^ mth;fspd; fUj;Jg;go. U:/6.25.000-? vdg; gof;fg;glntz;Lk;/,ju epge;jidfs; aht[k; mt;thnw,Uf;Fk;/@ gp/ obrsrh ?vjph;? nc&hd;ohpy;nyh eha[L. (2004) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 649 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;jjhtJ: @39.,J gpujpthjp,lh;g;ghl;il vjph;g;ghh;f;fhj tHf;fy;y. nkYk;. cld;gof;ifia epiwntw;whjJ thjpf;F,d;dy; VJk; tpistpf;fhJ vd;Dk; tHf;Fky;y/ gpujpthjp thjpapd; epyt[hpikahsh; my;yh;/ mth; thjpaplkpUe;J mt;tg;nghJ gFjp brYj;j';fis vt;tpj jaf;fKkpd;wp Vw;Wf;bfhz;lhh;/ mth; thjpaplkpUe;J njitahd bjhifiag; bgw;wjd;nghpy;jhd; milkhdj;ij tpLtpj;jhh;/ 1981?Mk; Mz;L Mf!;L khjj;jpy; mjhtJ chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;tjw;F,uz;L khj';fSf;F Kd;djhft[';Tl mth; thjpaplkpUe;J U:/20.000-?I bgw;Wf;bfhz;lhh;/ Mifahy;. tpiynaw;wj;ijf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L. vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F Mjuthf gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l jPh;g;ghizapd; gyd; kWf;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;W nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; fUj;Jiug;gjw;F fhy';fle;J? tpl;lJ/ kWgad; nghjpajhf,y;iy vd;W kl;Lnk my;yJ me;j xg;ge;jk; gpujpthjpf;Fr; Rik Vw;gLj;Jtjhf,Uf;fpwJ my;yJ mjd; jd;ikia rpe;jpf;fhky; bra;ag;gl;ljhapUf;fpwJ vd;w cz;ikahy; kl;Lnk. gphpt[ 20?,d; cl;gphpt[ (2)?,d; bghUspd;go xU nehpajy;yhj ed;ik miktjhff; bfhs;sg;gLjy; MfhJ vd gphpt[ 20?cld; nrh;f;fg;gl;l tpsf;fk;?I tiuaWf;fpwJ/ 40/ eph;kyh Mde;j; [(2002) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 481] vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Kot[ nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jWthapy; ghprPypf;fg;glyhk;/ 41/ ePjpaurh;,uh$^ mth;fs;. mt;tHf;fpd; r';fjpfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfisf;bfhz;L. muR kw;Wk; efuhl;rpf;FG mjpfhhpfsplk; epYitapypUf;fpd;w gpur;rpidfis caph;g;g[ld; itj;J 1 kw;Wk; 2?Mk; vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fshy;,JtiuapYk; ngzpf;fhf;fg;gl;L gpur;rpidf;Fhpa tPl;Lkidfspd; tpiynaw;wj;Jf;Fk;. mLf;ffj;jpd; kjpg;ngw;wj;Jf;Fk; nky;KiwaPl;lhsiu kl;Lnk gadhspahf;FtJ ePjpkd;w';fisg; bghWj;j tiuapy;. bghUj;jkw;wnjhL neh;ikbewpaw;wJkhFk; vdj; jPh;khdpj;Js;shh;/ tHf;fpd; r';fjpfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfspd;go jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;ljhtJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;fk; 501. gj;jp 23) @23/ ////xU neh;ikahd ghpfhukhf cs;s Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;WjYf;F bghWg;ghd jug;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; epfH;e;j jtWfs; cs;spl;l tHf;Ff;F bjhlh;ghd mk;r';fs; ahtw;iwa[k; fzf;fpbyLj;Jf;bfhz;L neh;ik bewpfspd; rkepiyiaa[k; ftdj;jpy;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;WjYf;fhd jPh;g;ghizf;F Kd;g[. gpujpthjpf;F,d;dy; tpistpf;ff;Toa mst[f;F me;jg; gpujpthjpiatpl thjpf;F jfh epiy mDTyk; VJk; Vw;gLkh> vd;gijg; ghprPypg;gJ ePjpkd;w';fspd; flikahFk;. nkYk; mt;thW bra;tjdhy; mJ xt;bthU tHf;fpd; xl;Lbkhj;j N:H;epiyfis (ghprPyid bra;tjd;goahfnt) vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;glhtpl;lhy; mj;jifa bray;Kiwg;gLj;Jjy; neh;ikaw;wjhfptpLk;/@ 43/ MapDk;. khz;g[kpF ePjpaurh; jpU/ ghd;. mtuJ fUj;JntWghl;il btspg;gLj;Jifapy; fUj;Jiuj;jjhtJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;f';fs; 506 kw;Wk;

507. gj;jpfs; 38 kw;Wk; 40) @38/ mirahr; brhj;jpd; fpiua cld;gof;if Fwpj;j tHf;Ffspy;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuk; tH';Fjy; vd;gJ xU tpjpahFk;/ bry;yj;jf;f kw;Wk; ek;gj;jf;f fhuz';fspd; mog;gilapy; mij kWj;Jiug;gJ tpjptpyf;fhFk; vd;gJ ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;l xd;W/ nkYk;. gpujpthjp jdJ jtWifiar; rhjfkhf gad;gLj;jpf;? bfhz;L. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizahdJ. thjpf;F Kiwaw;w gadspf;Fk; vd thJiuj;jhh;/ xxx 40/ TLjy; bjhifiag; gpujpthjpf;Fr; brYj;jp <Lbra;a[k;go thjpf;F cj;jutpLtJld;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghiz tH';Ftij kWg;gjw;nfh. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizapLtjw;nfh tpiynaw;wk; Fwpg;gpl;l N:H;epiyfspd;? nghJs;s fhyfl;lj;jpy; bjhlh;g[ilajhf ftdj;jpw;bfhs;sg;glntz;Lk;/ mJ xt;bthU tHf;fpd; N:H;epiyfisa[k;. r';fjpfisa[k; rhh;e;Js;sJ/@ 44/ nkYk;. fw;wwpe;j ePjpaurhpd; fUj;Jiu ahbjdpy;. ePjpkd;w eltof;iffs; epYitapYs;sjd;nghpy; cld;gof;if epiwntw;Wtjpy; jhkjk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gnj vjph;kiwahd fUj;Jiuia vLf;ff;Toa eph;g;ge;jkhd N:H;epiyfs; VJkpy;yhjgl;rj;jpy;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuj;ij epuhfhpg;gjw;fhd fhuzpahfhJ/ ////// 45/ nkw;go jPh;Kot[. tpiynaw;wk;,Uf;ff;Toa midj;J tHf;FfspYk;. ePjpkd;wkhdJ. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd cld;gof;ifapd;nghpyhd jPh;g;ghiziag gpwg;gpf;f kWf;fyhk; my;yJ thjpia mjpfj; bjhif brYj;Jk;go cj;jutplyhk; vd;w tpistpidf;bfhz;l fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kd;jPh;g;ghf mikahJ/ mt;tpistpw;Fl;gl;L KGikahd tiuaiwfisf;bfhz;l rl;lk; VJk;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tFj;Jiuf;fg;glnth my;yJ nkw;brhd;d jPh;KotpypUe;J mwpe;Jbfhs;sg;glnth Koatpy;iy/@ gp/v!;/ uhzhfpUc&;z bul;o ?vjph;? vk;/nf/ ghf;fpayc&;kp. (2007) 10 v!;/rp/rp/ 231 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jPh;KothdJ: @19/ bg';fS:hpYs;s mirahr; brhj;jpd; tpiynaw;wj;ijg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. Fwpj;jtif ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 20?,d; fPH; ePjpkd;wk;. mjd; tpUg;gjpfhuj;ij brYj;jpapUf;ff;TlhJ vd;w tpistpw;Fl;gl;l jpU/ re;jpunrfhpd; gzpe;JiuahdJ epuhfhpf;fg;gl;ljhf bjhpfpd;wJ/ mjpy;,jw;FKd;g[ nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; kw;wth;fSlDk; nrh;e;J fpiua cld;gof;if bra;Jbfhz;lij eh';fs; ftdj;jpw;bfhz;nlhk;/ mth; 11/5/1979?f;F gpd;dnu. vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhshplkpUe;J U:/5000-? bjhifiag; bgw;Wf;bfhz;lhh;/ mth;. 1?Mk; gpujpthjpapd; rl;lg;goahd nfhUhpikia vjph;f;Fk; nehf;fj;Jld; mjd;fPH; xUnghJk; ve;j nfhUhpika[k; nfhuhj my;yJ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; cld;gof;iff;fhd chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;ahj mtuJ kUkfDf;F Mjuthf mnj brhj;J Fwpj;j Ke;ija fpiua cld;gof;ifia epiwntw;wpa[s;sjhf thJiuj;jhh;/ fPHik ePjpkd;w';fs; nky;KiwaPl;lhshpd; nkw;go thjk; Vw;g[ilajy;y vd;w cWjpahd fhz;Koit vl;od/ mirahr; brhj;jpd; tpiynaw;wnk. rl;lg;goahd fpiua cld;gof;ifapd; epiwntw;wj;ij kWj;Jiug;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfhJ/ (fhz;f: gp/ obrsrh [(2004) 6 v!;/rp/rp/ 649] kw;Wk; b$a; enud; gu!;uhk;g[hpah [(2006) 7 v!;/rp/rp/ 756].)@ ehpe;jh;$pj; rp'; ?vjph;? ehh;j; !;lhh; v!;nll; gpunkhlh;!; ypkpbll;. (2012) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 712 vd;w tHf;fpy;.,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;jjhtJ: @25/ epyj;jpd; tpiynaw;wnk. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuj;ij epuhfhpg;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfhJ vd;w fPHik nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;Jld; cld;gl eh';fs; Kw;gLfpd;nwhk;/ nf/ enue;jpuh ?vjph;? hpituh mghh;l;bkd;l;!;; (gp) ypkpbll; [(1999) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 77] vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wkhdJ rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 20?,d; bghUs;tpsf;fj;Jld; gpd;tUk; fUj;Jiufis tFj;Jiuj;jJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;fk; 91. gj;jp 29) @29/ Fwpj;jtifapy; epiwntw;WkhW jPh;;g;ghiz tH';Ftjw;fhd mjpfhutuk;g[ tpUg;g mjpfhuj;jpd;ghw;gl;lJ. mj;jifa ghpfhuk; tH';Fjy; rl;lg;goahdJ vd;w fhuzj;jhy; kl;Lnk mt;thW bra;a ePjpkd;wk; fl;Lg;gl;lJkd;W; Mdhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpUg;gjpfhukhdJ. kdg;nghf;fpd; goahdjd;W. khwhf mJ rPuhdjhft[k;. jFkhdjhFk; ePjpKiw bewpfspd;go tHpelj;jg;gLt? jhft[k;. nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jpUj;jg;glf; Toajhft[k;,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;W 1963. Fwpj;jtif ghpfhur; rl;lj;jpd; gphpt[ 20 tifbra;fpd;wJ/ xg;ge;jj;ij epiwntw;Wjy; gpujpthjpia mth; vjph;ghh;j;jpuhj VjhtJ,lh;g;ghl;Lf;F cs;shf;Ftjhft[k;. Mdhy;. mij epiwntw;whJ tpLtJ thjpia mj;jifa,lh;g;ghl;Lf;F cs;shf;fhjjhft[k;,Uf;Fkplj;J; mJnt ePjpkd;wk; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wiff;fhd jPh;g;ghiz tH';fhky; mjd; tpUg;gjpfhuj;ij Kiwahf braYWj;Jk; xU N:H;epiyahFk;/ vdnt.,lh;g;ghL xg;gPl;Lf; nfhl;ghlhdJ.,e;jpahtpy; rl;lg;go m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ MapDk;. kWgad; nghjpajhf,y;iy vd;W kl;Lnk my;yJ me;j xg;ge;jk; gpujpthjpf;F Rik Vw;gLj;Jtjhf,Uf;fpwJ my;yJ mjd; jd;ikna rpe;jpf;fhky; bra;ag;gl;ljhapUf;fpwJ vd;Dk; bghUz;ikahy; kl;Lnk gpujpthjpiatpl thjpf;F nehpajy;yhj ed;iknah my;yJ gpujpthjpf;F vjph;ghuh,lh;g;ghnlh miktjhf bfhs;sg;gLjy; MfhJ/ 26/ jw;nghija tHf;fpy;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; cld;gof;ifia cj;jutpLtbjd;gJ eLepiyaw;wjhf,Uf;Fbkd;gij btspg;gLj;Jk;tpjkhf nky;KiwaPl;lhsh; rhd;W vjida[k; jhf;fy; bra;anth my;yJ,lh;g;ghL Fwpj;J thJiuf;fnthapy;iy/ khwhf. nky;Kiw? aPl;lhsuhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa thJiu ahbjdpy;. cld;gof;ifahdJ nghypahdJk;. g[idag;gl;lJkhFk;/ mtuJ je;ij mij epiwntw;wnth my;yJ bghWg;g[Wjpj; bjhifiag; bgw;Wf;bfhs;snthapy;iy. nkYk;,t;thJiu Kw;wpYk; epiyf;fj;jf;fjy;y vd;W midj;J ePjpkd;w';fSk; fz;lwpe;jd/ 27/,Wjpapy;. nky;KiwaPLfs; js;Sgo bra;ag;gl;L gpd;tUk; cj;jut[fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld: (i),d;wpypUe;J K:d;W khj';fSf;Fs;. vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F U:/5 nfhoiar; brYj;jplntz;Lk;/ 3/5/2012?Mk; njjpad;W vjph;nky;Kiw? aPl;lhsUf;fhd fw;wwpe;j K:j;j tHf;Fiu"h;. jpU/ Jc&;ae;j; jhntthy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l thJiu ahbjdpy;. epyj;jpd; tpiyahf bkhj;jj;jpy; U:/5 nfhoia mtuJ jug;gpdh; nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F brYj;j tpUk;g[fpwhh; vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L,t;t[j;jut[ mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ xxx xxx xxx/@ rj;ah b$apd; ?vjph;? mdpc&; mcwkj; Uc&;o. (2013) 8 v!;/rp/rp/ 131 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;KothdJ: @40/ ePz;l beL';fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; cld;gof;ifia cj;jutpLk;goahd tpUg;gjpfhukhdJ. re;njfj;jpw;fplkw;wtifapy;. rPuhd. epahakhd. gFj;jwpt[kpf;f kw;Wk; Vw;g[ila nfhl;ghLfisf;bfhz;L braYWj;jplntz;Lk;/ 1963?Mk; Mz;L. 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N:H;epiyfspd;,ay;ghd khw;wnk. vdnt. mjd; mog;gilapy; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizia vjph;kiwahf;f KoahJ/ 19/ MapDk;. ePjpkd;wkhdJ. brhj;jpd; tpiy cah;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w bghUz;ikiaf; fUj;jpy; bfhz;Lk;. tHf;fpd; kw;w bghUz;ikfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfisg; ghprPypj;jjd;nghpYk;.,e;ePjpkd;wk;. tH';Fk;nghJ. brhj;jpd; chpikahsh; gpujpthjpia Xustpw;F rhpfl;Lk; tpjkhf mj;jifa epge;jidia tpjpf;fyhk; vd;w bghUz;ikiaf; fUj;jpw;bfhs;syhk;/ eph;kyh Mde;j; ?vjph;? ml;btd;l; fhh;g;gnuc&d; (gp) ypkpbll; [(2002) 8 v!;/rp/rp/ 146] vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; K:tukh;t[ ePjpauhak;. tHf;fpd;,e;j mk;rj;ijg; ghprPypj;J. mjpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gpd;tUkhW jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ: (v!;/rp/rp/ gf;fk; 150. gj;jp 6)/ @6/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghiz tH';FtJ vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; tpUg;gjpfhuj;jpid rhh;e;jJ vd;gJ cz;ik. nkYk;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wif tH';FtJk; rl;lg;goahdJ vd;w rhjhuz fhuzj;jpd;nghpy;. mt;thW bra;tJ vg;bghGJk; mtrpaky;y vd;gJ';Tl ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;l xd;whFk;/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizia tH';Ft? jhfnth. epuhfhpg;gjhfnth,Uf;Fkhapd;. ePjpkd;wk; jdJ tpUg;gjpfhuj;jpd;go. xU jug;gpdh; kw;bwhUtUf;F TLjy; bjhif brYj;JtJ cl;gl epahakhd epge;jid vjida[k; tpjpf;fyhk; vd;gJ ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;l xd;whFk;/ th';Feh; tpw;gtUf;F TLjy; bjhifiar; brYj;Jk;go cj;jutplg;gl;Ls;sjh> my;yJ vjph;kiwahf;fg;gl;ljh> vd;gJ tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfisr; rhh;e;Js;sJ/ bghJthfnt. tHf;F epYitapd;nghJ. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpiy Vw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhfnt. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; ghpfhuk; thjpf;F kWf;fg;gl;oUf;ff;TlhJ/ nkw;go tHf;fpy;. 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(2015) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 705 vd;w @33/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; ghpfhuk; tH';fyhkh> my;yJ tH';ff;Tlhjh> vd;w neh;ikbewp tpUg;gjpfhukhdJ. jug;gpdh;fspd; elj;ijiar; rhh;e;Js;sJ/ tpUg;gjpfhuk;. thjpf;F Mjuthf eLepiynahL bray;gLk;bghUl;L mtrpakhd Mf;ff;TW thjpahy; epU:gpf;fg;gl;L epWtg;glntz;Lk;/ mnjntisapy;. gpujpthjp Fw;wkw;wf; iffnshL tuhky;. Kf;fpakhd r';fjpfs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wg; bghUl;fis kiwj;J ePjpkd;wj;ij jtwhdKiwapy; tHpelj;jpdhy;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wif tH';Ftij epuhfhpg;gjd;K:yk; mj;jifa tpUg;gjpfhuj;jpid braYWj;jf;TlhJ/@ @36/,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sthW. fhyKk;. fhyf;fHpt[k;. brhj;jpd; tpiynaw;wKnk Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; ghpfhuj;ij kWg;gjw;fhd bry;yj;jf;f fhuzkhfhJ/ Mdhy;. ePjpkd;wk; jdJ tpUg;gjpfhuj;jpd;go tpw;gidahshplk; TLjy; bjhifiar; brYj;JtJ cl;gl epahakhd epge;jidfis tpjpf;fyhk;/ tHf;F epYitapYs;snghJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpiy cah;tpd; fhuzkhfnt. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;WifahdJ thjpf;F kWf;fg;glf;TlhJ vd;gJk; ed;F mWjpaplg;gl;l xd;whFk;/@ @38/ ////////// (1) tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfs; kw;Wk; N:H;epiyfspypUe;J mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpiynaw;wj;ij ghprPypj;jjd;nghpy;. gy;ntW ePjpkd;w';fspy; tHf;F epYitapYs;sJ vd;Wk;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;. vjph;nky;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F Vw;bfdnt brYj;jpa[s;s bjhifa[ld; nrh;j;J. U:/15.00.000-? (U:gha; gjpide;J,yl;rk; kl;Lk;) bjhifiar; brYj;Jk;go nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;?thjpf;F epge;jid tpjpg;gnjhL kl;Lkpd;wp. nky;KiwaPl;od; fPH; vjph;g;g[f;Fs;shd cj;juit (1/3/2012 (fh;ehlfh) md;W v/,uhkyp';fk; ?vjph;? bcwr;/ rpj;jpf;. Mh;/vg;/v/ vz; 265-1999?,y; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ) js;sgo bra;at[k;;;ntz;Lk; vd;gnj v';fsJ MH;e;jhuha;e;j fUj;jhFk;/@,uhkhj;jhs; ?vjph;? kUjhj;jhs;. (2018) 18 v!;/rp/rp/ 303 vd;w @22/ tpw;gidahsh; fpiua epiwntw;Wjiy jLj;J epWj;jpaijaLj;J. th';Feh; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;ifj; jhf;fy; bra;tjw;fhd tpiut[ eltof;iffis vLj;Js;shh;/ th';Feh; midj;J epiyfspYk; cld;gof;ifapd; fPH; jdJ flikia epiwntw;Wtjw;F vg;bghGJnk jahuhft[k;. tpUg;gj;JlDk;,Ue;Js;shh; vd;gJ,t;tpthjj;jpypUe;J bjspthfpd;wJ/ nkYk;. tpw;gidahsnu vg;bghGJk; cld;gof;ifia kPwKad;wpUe;jhh;/ jw;nghJ. tpw;gidahsh; j';fsJ jtWifia j';fSf;F rhjfkhf;fpf;bfhz;L. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; jPh;g;ghizia tH';FtJ neh;ikbewpaw;wJ vd gpd;dh; thJiuf;fKoahJ/ tpiynaw;wkhdJ. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; ghpfhuj;ij epuhfhpg;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfhJ/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wif vd;gJ neh;ikbewpg; ghpfhukhFk;. mg;ghpfhuj;ij tH';Ftbjd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; csj;njh;thFk;/ csj;njh;thdJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ePjpKiwapd;goa[k; mWjpaplg;gl;l rl;lf; nfhl;ghLfspd; fPGk; braw;gLj;jg;glntz;Lk;/ fPHik ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iufspy; ve;jtpj rl;lKuz;ghnlh my;yJ rl;lf;Fiwghnlh Kw;wpYkpy;iy. mJ mjd; tpUg;gjpfhuj;jpid rl;lKiwahf epiwntw;wpa[s;sJ vd;gJk; cah; ePjpkd;wk; mjpy; jiyapl;oUf;ff;TlhJ vd;gJkhFk;/ ///////@ r';fuh yc&;kpeurk;kh ?vjph;? rhfp Rg;gh uh$^. (2019) 11 v!;/rp/rp/ 787 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sjhtJ: @9/ Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; tHf;ifg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;fhd fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; jpU/ v/ Rg;gh uht; jdJ cWjpahd thJiufis Kd;itj;jhh;/ mtuJ Tw;Wg;go. fpiua cld;gof;if bra;ag;gl;l ehspypUe;J brhj;Jfspd; tpiy kpfg;bghpa mstpy; cah;e;jjd; fhuzkhf. cWjpbra;ag;gl;lhy;.,';Fs;s nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; (Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;fpd; gpujpthjpfs;),lh;g;ghl;ow;Fs;shf;fg;gLth;/ nky;Kiw? aPl;lhsh;fs; Kjy; re;jh;g;gj;jpnyna fpiua cld;gof;ifia nfs;tpnfl;gjw;F chpikaw;wth;fs; vd;w bghUz;ikiaf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L ghh;f;ifapy;. tpiynaw;wk; Fwpj;j nkw;go thJiuia Vw;fKoahJ vd;gjhFk;/ nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd chpik tHf;fpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l brhj;J cs;spl;l brhj;JfSf;F tPuhrhkpna g{uz chpikahsh; vd;gjhy;. fpiua cld;gof;ifia epiwntw;Wk; chpika[k; mtUf;nf cs;sJ/,r;brhj;jhdJ. capy; rhrdkhd gp/rh/M/4?,d; K:yk; gj;kehg[LtplkpUe;J tPuhrhkpf;F capy;tHp mspf;fg;gl;lJ/ vdnt. tPuhrhkpna brhj;jpd; jdp chpikahsuhthh;/ mjd;tpisthf. 19/9/1974?f;F Kd;djhfnt. mth; rhfp Rg;gh uh$^t[ld; fpiua cld;gof;if bra;Jbfhz;lhh;/ 1978?Mk; Mz;L chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;ag;gl;L. mJ gpd;dh; ntbwhU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;L. mJ K/t/ vz; 72-1983?Mf kW vz;zplg;gl;lJ/ 1978?Mk; Mz;L Kjy;,t;tHf;fhdJ. gpd;ehspy; th';Feuhy; vjph;f;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ/ 1974?Mk; mz;L. Rkhh; K:d;wiu Vf;fh; mst[ila brhj;jpid U:/51.000-? bjhiff;F gpd;ehspy; th';fpatUf;F Mjuthf tpw;gjw;F tPuhrhkp xg;g[f;bfhz;lhh;/ mj;bjhifahdJ. tpw;gtUf;Fk;. gpd;ehspy; th';fpatUf;Fk;,ilna xg;g[f;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ 10/ 1974?Mk; Mz;L Me;jpug; gpunjrj;jpd; gPkhtuk; fpuhkj;jpYs;s nkw;go,lj;jpYs;s brhj;J kjpg;ig,e;ePjpkd;wk; Cfpf;fKoahJ/ mJ mt;thwpUf;ifapy;. me;j,d;dy; Fwpj;J.,';Fs;s nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs;. tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;g[ thJiuf;fnth my;yJ epU:gpf;fnth,y;iy vd;W eh';fs; fz;lwpfpd;nwhk;/,lh;g;ghl;ilf; Fwpj;J tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;g[ ve;jbthU gpur;rpida[k; vGg;gg;gltpy;iy/ tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;g[ bra;ag;glhj thJiuia Kjy;Kiwahf nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;g[ vGg;g[tjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy/ nkYk;. tpiynaw;wk; kl;Lnk,e;j epiyapy; FWf;fpLtjw;fhd fhuzkhfhJ/ (ehpe;jh;$pj; rp'; ?vjph;? ehh;j; !;lhh; v!;nll; gpunkhlh;!; ypkpbll; vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iuiaf; fhz;f [ehpe;jh;$pj; rp'; ?vjph;? ehh;j; !;lhh; v!;nll; gpunkhlh;!; ypkpbll;. (2012) 5 v!;/rp/rp/ 712: (2012) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ (rptpy;) 379])/ nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltw;Wld; nrh;j;J. nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fs; brhj;jpd; chpikahsh;fs;,y;iy vd;gjhy;. ePjpah; <uhaj;jpd; jPh;g;g[iu Fwpj;J nfs;tp nfl;gjw;F mth;fSf;F tHf;Fiu chpikapy;iy/ bka;ahfnt. brhj;Jfis tpw;wtuhd tPuhrhkp tprhuiz ePjpkd;wj;jpd;Kd;g[ rhl;rpf;Tz;oy; Vwp. gpujpthjpfspd; bgahpy; mtuJ cilik khw;wk; midj;jpw;Fk; Mjutspj;jhh;/ vdnt. v';fsJ MH;e;jhuha;e;j fUj;Jg;go. ePjpah; <uhakhdJ. rhfp Rg;gh uh$^tpw;F Mjutspj;Jk; nky;KiwaPl;lhsh;fSf;F vjpuhf Kiwg;go jPh;khdpj;Jk;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizia tH';fpaJ/@ 30/ ntnwJkpd;wp. jhkjpg;gJ kl;Lnk. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifia epuhfhpg;gjw;fhd jdpj;j fhuzpahfhJ vd;gJ mWjpaplg;gl;l xd;whFk;/ fhz;f: gf;f';fs; 229?230?,y;. klk;brl;o rj;jpaehuhazh ?vjph;? $p/ vy;nyh$p uht;. (1965) 2 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 221/ vdnt. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifapd; chpik tHf;F jhf;fy; bra;tjw;F,uz;liu Mz;L fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ghf brhj;jpd; tpiy rl;bld;W cah;e;J. mJ thjpapd; cld;gof;if kPWjYld;,izf;fg;gl;oUe;jhy;. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd jPh;g;ghizaplKoahJ vd;gij nf/v!;/ tpj;ahehjk; ?vjph;? itutd;. (1997) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 1 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk; bjspt[g;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ ePjpkd;wk; jPh;khdpj;Js;sjhtJ: @10/ //////// kw;wtifapy; Twpdhy;. cld;gof;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhytuk;g[ cl;gl bjhlh;g[ila midj;J N:H;epiyfisa[k; ePjpkd;wk; Muha;e;J. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wif tH';Fk;goahd mjd; tpUg;gjpfhuj;ij epiwntw;wyhkh> vd;gijf; Fwpj;J jPh;khdpf;fntz;Lk;/ jw;nghJ,e;jpahtpYs;s efh;g;g[w brhj;Jfisg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. fle;j gj;J Mz;LfSf;F nkyhf Fwpg;ghf 1973?f;F gpd;dh; mtw;wpd; tpiy VWKfkhf cs;sJ vd;gJ ed;fwpag;gl;l xd;whFk;/ (1973?Mk; Mz;L mug[?,!;nuy; a[j;jj;ij bjhlh;e;J cyfbk';Fk; Vw;gl;l gztPf;fkhdJ vz;bza; tpiyia kpff; fLikahf cah;j;jpaJ/ Fwpg;ghf. mth;fSf;F njitahd vz;bzia bkhj;jkhf,wf;Fkjp bra;a[k; ehLfns ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd)/,t;tHf;fpy;. tHf;Fr; brhj;jhdJ. jkpH;ehl;oy; xU bghpa efukhd kJiuapy; mike;Js;s tPlhFk;/ 1978?Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; khjj;jpy; chpik tHf;fpd; cld;gof;ifaplg;gl;L. mjpy; fpiuak; epiwntw;Wtjw;fhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s MW khj fhykhdJ 15/6/1979 md;Wld; Kotile;jJ/ tHf;F mwptpg;ghdJ 11/7/1981 md;Wjhd;. mjhtJ. MW khjk; fle;J,uz;L Mz;Lf;F nkw;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dnu thjpahy; tH';fg;gl;lJ/,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F nkw;gl;l,e;j fhy,ilntisf;Fs;. thjp vd;d bra;Jbfhz;oUe;jhh; vd;gnj nfs;tp>//// gpujpthjpfs; cWjpahfj; jtph;j;jJ ahbjdpy;. kJiuapYs;s brhj;jhd tPLfspd; tpiy. 2\ Mz;L fhy,ilntisf;Fs;. tpiuthf mjpfhpj;Js;sjhy;. mjd; tpiy K:d;W kl';F cah;e;Js;sJ. mr;N:H;epiyapd; fhuzkhfnt thjp (tHf;Fr; brhj;J th';ftpUe;j nehf;fj;ij mth; Kd;djhf iftpl;Ltpl;lhh;) kdkhw;wj;Jld; Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifia nfhhpdhh;/ nkw;go N:H;epiyfisa[k; jug;gpdh;fspd; tha;bkhHp rhl;rpaj;ija[k; fUj;jpw;bfhz;ljd;nghpy;.

1 Kjy; 3 tiuapyhd gpujpthjpfs; Kd;itj;Js;s tHf;fpid eh';fs; Vw;f Kw;gLfpd;nwhk;/ nkw;brhd;d 2\ Mz;Lfs; fhyf;fl;lj;jpd;nghJ thlifjhuiu fhypbra;J jUk;goa[k; fpiua Mtzk; epiwntw;wpj; jUk;goa[k; gpujpthjpfisj; bjhlh;e;J typa[Wj;jpa? jhft[k; thlifjhuh;fs; fhyp bra;atpy;iy vd;gjhy; mth;fs; mtfhrk; nfl;Lf;bfhz;ljhft[k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s thjpapd; Tw;wpid eh';fs; epuhfhpf;fpd;nwhk;/ cld;gof;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgo thjp. MW khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; Kj;jpiuj;jhs;fis th';Ftjw;Fk;. epYitj; bjhifiar; brYj;Jtjw;Fk;. nkYk; gpujpthjpfis fpiua Mtzj;ij epiwntw;wp. brhj;jpd; RthjPdj;ij xg;gilf;Fk;go nfhUtjw;Fk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lnghjpYk;. mth; cld;gof;ifapd;go jdJ flikia epiwntw;Wtjw;fhd eltof;ifia nkw;bfhs;shky; 15/12/1978 Kjy; 11/7/1981 tiu mjhtJ. 2\ Mz;L fhyj;jpw;Fk;nky; mikjpfhj;J te;jhh; vd;gJ nkw;go fhz;KotpypUe;J bjspthfpd;wJ/ kJiu efhpYs;s brhj;jhd tPl;od; kjpg;g[ tpiuthf cah;e;Js;sjhy;. mJnt 2\ Mz;LfSf;F gpd;dh; thjpia tpHpg;g{l;o Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifiaf; nfhUk;go J}z;oapUf;fntz;Lk; vd;w gpujpthjpfspd; tHf;if Vw;Wf;bfhs;s eh';fs; Kw;gLfpd;nwhk;/ 11/ tpiynaw;wk; kl;Lnk Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifia epuhfhpg;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfhJ vd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;l v!;/tp/ r';fuyp';f ehlhh; ?vjph;? gp/o/v!;/,uj;drhkp ehlhh; [V/I/Mh;/ 1952 bkl;uh!; 389: (1952) 1 vk;/vy;/b$/44] vd;w tHf;fpy; cs;s bkl;uh!; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;Kotpid jpU/ rptRg;ukzpak; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;odhh;/ ePjpkd;wk; mspf;fg;bgw;w tpUg;g mjpfhuj;jpid brYj;Jifapy; nkw;go fhuzf;Twpid fUj;jpy; bfhs;snt,ayhJ vd;w Tw;wpd;go nkw;go jPh;Kot[ g[hpe;Jbfhs;sg;gl;lhy;. kpFe;j kjpg;g[ld; v';fshy; mij Vw;fKoahJ/ gztPf;fj;jpd; kw;Wk; Cuf gFjpfspypUe;J efh;g;g[wj;jpw;F bgUe;jpushd kf;fs; Fobgah;tjd; fhuzkhfnt efh;g;g[wr; brhj;jpd; kjpg;g[ bjhlh;r;rpahd tpiynaw;wk; fz;Ls;sJ vd;w cz;ik epiyia eh';fs; g[wf;fzpj;jplKoahJ/,nj tHf;if fUj;jpw;bfhs;nthnkahdhy;. thjp v";rpa[s;s fpiua kWgaid brYj;Jk;goa[k;. Kj;jpiuj; jhs; th';Fk;goa[k; xg;g[f;bfhz;lhh;. nkYk;. fpiua Mtzk; epiwntw;Wk;goa[k;. MW khjj;jpw;Fs; RthjPdj;ij xg;gilf;Fk;goa[k; nfl;Lf;bfhz;lhh;/ mth; mt;thW vija[k; bra;atpy;iy/ thjp. cld;gof;ifapd;go jdJ filikia epiwntw;wj; jtwpdhy;. gpujpthjpfs; bghwg;g[Wjpj; bjhifahd U:/5.000-?I gwpKjy; bra;tjw;F jFjpa[ilth;fs;. nkYk;. cld;gof;ifapd; fPH; j';fsJ flikia gpujpthjpfs; epiwntw;wj; jtwpdhy;. nkw;brhd;d bjhifapy;,U kl';if brYj;Jtjw;F bghWg;g[ilath;fshth; vd;gij cld;gof;if btspg;gilahfnt bjhptpf;fpd;wJ/ thjp rpW bjhifahd U:/5000-?I brYj;jpaijj; jtpu (bkhj;j kWgad; bjhifahd U:/60.000-?I bghWj;J) cld;gof;ifr; bra;J 2\ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dh;. mth; chpikapay; mwptpf;if tH';Fk;tiu ntnwJk; bra;atpy;iy/ mirahr; brhj;Jfisg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. tpiyfSk;. kjpg;g[fSk; epiyahf,Ue;J gztPf;fk; Fwpj;J mwpahj fhyj;jpy;,aw;wg;gl;lJk;. xg;ge;jj;jpy; fhyk;,d;wpaikahjf; TW my;y vd;W ePjpkd;w';fshy;,aw;wg;gl;lJkhd fLikahd tpjp jsh;j;jg;glntz;oajhfpwJ. mJ Fwpg;ghf efh;g;g[w mirahr; brhj;Jfis bghWj;jtiuapy; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;glhtpl;lhy;. eh';fs;,ijr; bra;tjw;F,Jnt jf;fj;jUzk; vdf; fUJfpnwhk;/ jug;gpdh;fs; cld;gof;ifr; bra;a[k;bghGJ. tpiy caUk; vd mth;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jdh; vd;W fw;wwpe;j tHf;Fiu"h; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;; vdnt. tpiy cah;nt Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifia epuhfhpg;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfhJ vd;Wk; mth; Twpdhh;/ nkw;go N:H;epiyiaj; jug;gpdh;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;. mth;fs; MW khjf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; eltof;if Kof;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;/ nkw;go fhytuk;gpy; fhyk; vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;jpd;,d;wpaikahf; Twhf mikatpy;iy vd;whYk;.,jw;bfd;W xU Fwpg;gpl;l bghUs; fz;og;ghf,Uf;fntz;Lk;/,ijj;jtpu fhytuk;g[ ntW vjida[k; tFj;Jiuf;ftpy;iy/ fhyk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; Xh;,d;wpaikahf; Twhf mikahky;. xg;ge;jj;jpy; tif bra;ag;gl;Ls;s fhyk; Fwpj;j midj;J tiuaiwfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtkpd;wp my;yJ bghUspd;wp,Ue;jhnyh my;yJ mit,y;yhky;,Ug;gJ ed;ikahf,Ue;jhnyh mij xU rl;l tpjpahfnth my;yJ gFj;jwpthd tpjpahfnth Tw,aYkh> ePjpkd;wk; mjd; tpUg;gjpfhuj;ij braYWj;Jifapy;. xU jug;gpduhnyh my;yJ kw;w jug;gpduhnyh eltof;iffs; vLg;gjw;fhf jug;gpdh;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lf; fhytuk;g[(fis) eph;zapf;fpwnghJ. mjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;,Uf;fntz;Lk;. nkYk;. fhyk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaf;Twhf (mirahr; brhj;Jfs; bjhlh;ghf) fUjg;gltpy;iy vd;w mog;gilapy; nkw;go fhytuk;g[(fis) g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl,ayhJ/@ @13/ v';fs; Kd;g[s;s tHf;fhdJ. jhkjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w tHf;F kl;Lnkay;y.,J cld;gof;ifapd; tiuaiwfspd;go epYitj; bjhifiar; brYj;JtJ. Kj;jpiuj; jhs;fis th';FtJ. gpd;dh; MW khjf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; fpiua Mtzj;ij epiwntw;wpj; jUkhW nfhUtJ Mfpatw;iwj; bjspthf kPWk;tifapy; 2\ Mz;Lfshf thjpapd; jug;gpy;,Ue;Jte;j brayw;wj; jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;w tHf;fhFk;/ nkYk;. gpujpthjpfspd; Tw;Wg;go cld;gof;if bra;ag;gl;l ehSf;Fk;. tHf;F mwpf;if mspf;fg;gl;l ehSf;Fk;,ilnaahd K:d;W Kiw fhyjhkjk; bgUkstpyhd tpiy Vw;wj;Jld;,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ fhyjhkjkhdJ. thjpf;F Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuj;ij mspg;gJ epahakw;wJ vd;w N:H;epiyf;F bfhz;Lbrd;wJ/ 14/ jpU/ rptRg;ukzpak;,uz;L Mz;Lfs; fhyjhkjkhdJ. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;Wifia epuhfhpg;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfhJ vd;gij btspg;gLj;Jk;tpjkhf (lhf;lh;) $Ptd; yhy; ?vjph;? gphp$; nkhfd; bkcwuh [(1972) 2 v!;/rp/rp/ 757: (1973) 2 v!;/rp/Mh;/ 230] vd;w tHf;fpd; jPh;Kotpy; rhh;e;Jepd;whh;/ tHf;Fr; brhj;ij nfhUk; Mizf;F vjpuhd nky;KiwaPL epYitapy;,Uf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy;. thjp fhj;jpUg;gjw;F rhpahd fhuz';fs; cs;sd vd;gJ jPh;g;g[iuapd; Ez;zha;tpypUe;J btspg;gLfpd;wJ/ rhe;j; uhzp [(1993) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 519] vd;w tHf;fpy; murkh;thy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s bka;ahd nfhl;ghl;oid eh';fs; typa[Wj;jpf; TWfpd;nwhk;/ fhykhdJ. cld;gof;ifapd;,d;wpaikahf;Twhf,y;iybad;whYk;. thjpfs; epahakhd fhyj;jpw;Fs; cld;gof;ifapd; fPH; j';fsJ flikia epiwntw;wntz;Lk;. cld;gof;ifapd; btspg;gilahd tiuaiwfs; kw;Wk; brhj;jpd; jd;ik cl;gl midj;J N:H;epiyfisa[k; fz;lwpe;J jPh;khdpj;jplntz;Lk;/@ mnjnghd;W. efh;g;g[w epyj;jpd; tpiy fLikahf cah;j;jg;gl;lhy;. mirahr; brhj;jpd; fpiua cld;gof;ifia epiwntw;Wtjpy; fhyk; xU,d;wpaikahf;Twhf tps';fhJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ jw;nghJ rhpahdjy;y vd;W rhujhkzp fe;jg;gd; ?vjph;? v!;/,uh$yc&;kp. (2011) 12 v!;/rp/rp/ 18 vd;w tHf;fpy;,e;ePjpkd;wk; bjspt[g;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ vdnt. nkw;go tHf;fpd; bghUz;ikfs;. fhynk. xU,d;wpaikahf;TW vd Fwpg;gpl;lnghjpYk;. th';Feh; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; fpiuaj;ij Kog;gjw;fhd eltof;iffs; nkw;bfhs;stpy;iy. tpw;gth; jhkjj;jpw;fhd bghWg;ghfkhl;lhh; vd;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; fLikahd tpiynaw;wnk. Fwpj;jtif epiwntw;wj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuk; tH';Ftij eLepiyaw;wjhf;Fk; N:H;epiy vd;gJkhFk;/,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;KothdJ: @36/ fhykhdJ. mirahr; brhj;Jfs; bjhlh;g[ila cld;gof;iffspd; xU,d;wpaikahf; TwhfhJ vd;w nfhl;ghL mirahr; brhj;Jfspd; re;ijtpiy epiyahft[s;snghJk; rpy Mz;Lfshf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy khw;w';fs; Vw;glhjnghJk; fhyj;jpw;nfw;wtifapy; khWgLk; (mjd; kjpg;g[ epiyahdjhf,y;iybad;whYk;,ae;jpufjpahf gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ)/,jd;tpisthf cld;gof;ifapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiwntw;Wf; fhykhdJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. 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Ke;ija rpy M';fpy jPh;Kot[fisg; gpd;gw;wpna,e;jpa ePjpkd;w';fspYk; cWjpahf jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ/ /////,e;jpahtpYs;s efh;g;g[wr; brhj;Jfis bghWj;jtiuapy;. fle;j gj;jhz;Lfshf Fwpg;ghf 1973?f;F gpd;dh;. mtw;wpd; tpiy fLikahf cah;e;Js;sJ vd;gJ ed;F mwpag;gl;ljhFk;/ //// 11/ //// eh';fs; cz;ik epytuj;ij g[we;js;sptpl KoahJ?cz;ik epytuk; epiyahdJ. nkYk; gztPf;fKk;. bgUk;ghyhd kf;fs; Cufg;gFjpfspypUe;J efuj;jpd; Kf;fpa,l';fSf;F FonaWtJk; efh;g;g[w brhj;Jfspd; tpiykjpg;g[ bjhlh;e;J cah;e;JtUtjw;fhd fhuzkhf tps';FfpwJ/ ///cz;ikapy;. mirahr; brhj;Jfis bghWj;jtiuapy;. tpiyfSk;. kjpg;g[fSk; epiyahf,Ue;J gztPf;fk; Fwpj;J mwpahj fhyj;jpy;,aw;wg;gl;lJk;. xg;ge;jj;jpy; fhyk;,d;wpaikahjf; TW my;y vd;W ePjpkd;w';fshy;,aw;wg;gl;lJkhd fLikahd tpjp jsh;j;jg;glntz;oajhfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf efh;g;g[w mirahr; brhj;Jfisg; bghWj;j tiuapy; mJ jpUj;jpaikf;fg;glhtpl;lhy;. eh';fs;,ij bra;tjw;F,Jnt jf;fj;jUzk; vdf; fUJfpnwhk;/@ 42/ vdnt. mirahr; brhj;Jfs; Fwpj;j xg;ge;jj;jpy;. fhyk;,d;wpaikahf; TW my;y vDk; nfhl;ghl;il kW Ma;t[ bra;tjw;Fk;. bgUk; tpiynaw;wk; kw;Wk; gztPf;fj;jpdhy; vGe;Js;s N:H;epiy khw;w';fisf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L ghh;f;ifapy;. mirahr; brhj;J Fwpj;J 1975?Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dh; bra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;j';fisg; bghWj;jtiuapy;. jw;nghija rl;l epiyg;ghl;il tpsf;Ftjw;fhd cldoj; njita[k; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ/ eh';fs; re;j; uhzp [(1993) 1 v!;/rp/rp/ 519] kw;Wk; gpw tHf;Ffspd; nfhl;ghLfis Fwpg;gPL bra;J';Tl. fhyk; xg;ge;jj;jpd;,d;wpaikahf;TW vd;w,t;tHf;fpd; r';fjpfspd;nghpy; jPh;khdpj;Js;sjhy; tHf;if ePjpah; nguhaj;jpw;F ghpe;Jiu bra;ahj xU bray;ghl;oid nkw;bfhs;s eh';fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy/ mJ mt;thnw,Uf;Fk;/ 43/ chpa tHf;fpy; tplak; ghprPypf;fg;gLk;tiu. nf/v!;/ tpj;jpahehjk; [(1997) 3 v!;/rp/rp/ 1] vd;w tHf;fpy; mwpt[Wj;jg;gl;lijna eh';fs; kPz;Lk; typa[Wj;Jfpd;nwhk;:

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